Theories of Cognitive Development

Question 1

Building Schemes

Answer 1

• Adaptation
• Assimilation
• Accommodation

Question 2

Adaptation (Building Schemes)

Answer 2

Building schemes through direct interaction with environment

Question 3

Assimilation (Building Schemes)

Answer 3

Using current schemes to interpret external world

Question 4

Accommodation (Building Schemes)

Answer 4

Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment

Question 5

Equilibrium and Disequilibrium (Using Assimilation and Accommodation)

Answer 5

• Use assimilation during equilibrium

- Disequilibrium prompts accommodation

Question 6

Organization (Using Assimilation and Accommodation)

Answer 6

Internal rearranging and linking schemes

Question 7

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 7

• Birth to 2 years
• Building schemes through sensory and motor exploration
• Circular reactions

Question 8

Reflexive Schemes (Sensorimotor Substages)

Answer 8

• Birth to 1 mo.

- Newborn reflexes

Question 9

Primary Circular Reactions (Sensorimotor Substages)

Answer 9

• 1 to 4 months

- Simple motor habits centered around own body

Question 10

Secondary Circular Reactions (Sensorimotor Substages)

Answer 10

• 4 to 8 months

- Repeat interesting effects in surroundings

Question 11

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (Sensorimotor Substages)

Answer 11

• 8 to 12 months

- Intentional, goal-directed behavior; object permanence

Question 12

Tertiary Circular Reactions

(Sensorimotor Substages)

Answer 12

• 12 to 18 months

- Explore properties of objects through novel actions

Question 13

Mental Representations

(Sensorimotor Substages)

Answer 13

• 12 months to 2 years

- Internal depictions of objects or events; deferred imitation

Question 14

Object Permanence

Answer 14

• Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
• Not yet complete until end of infancy: A-not-B search error

Question 15

Mental Representations

Answer 15

Internal, mental depictions of objects, people, events, information (Can manipulate with mind; Allow deferred imitation and make-believe play)

Question 16

Attention (Information-Processing Improvements)

Answer 16

• Efficiency, ability to shift focus improve

- Less attraction to novelty, better sustained attention after first year

Question 17

Memory (Information-Processing Improvements)

Answer 17

• Retention intervals lengthen

- Recall appears by 1 year; excellent in second year

Question 18

Categorization (Information-Processing Improvements)

Answer 18

• Impressive perceptual categorization in first year

- Conceptual categorization in second year

Question 19

Habituation- 1 (Habitutation and Categorization)

Answer 19

Picture of one baby, white background

Question 20

Immediate Test Phase- 2 (Habitutation and Categorization)

Answer 20

Picture of one baby, white background/ old person with yellow background (A) Novelty Preference (Recovery to a new stimulus- Assesses Recent Memory)

Question 21

Delayed Test Phase- 3 (Habitutation and Categorization)

Answer 21

Picture of one baby, yellow background/ old person with white background (B) Familiarity Preference (Recovery to the familiar stimulus- Assesses Remote Memory)

Question 22

Kohlberg’s Theory of Sociocultural Theory

Answer 22

Complex mental capabilities arise through interaction with a more learned mentor

Question 23

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 23

Range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone, but possible with the help of skilled others