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Lifespan Developmental Psychology > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Steps from Conception to Implantation

A
  1. Zygote, 2. Blastocyst, 3. Implantation
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2
Q

Prenatal Development: Zygote

A

Implantation; Placenta and Umbilical Cord

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3
Q

Implantation (Zygote)

A
  • Trophoblast forms the amnion which encases the embryonic disk in amniotic fluid
  • Development of a nourishing yolk sac
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4
Q

Placenta and Umbilical Cord (Zygote)

A
  • Trophoblast develops the chorion which surrounds the amnion (Development of villi)
  • Development of placenta
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5
Q

Embryo Wk 2-4

A

Formation of the 3 layers of cells; Neural tube formation

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6
Q

Embryo Wk 4-8

A
  • Structural foundations: eyes, ears, nose, jaw, neck, and buds for arms, legs, finger sand toes
  • Neuron production
  • Sensory abilities and small movement
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7
Q

Fetus Month 3

A
  • Organization of muscles and nerves permit more coordinated movement
  • Structural details complete
  • Sex can be determined at 12 weeks
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8
Q

Fetus Second Trimester

A
  • Vernix and lanugo development

- Glial cell and synaptic connection formation permits greater, purposeful movement capacities

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9
Q

Fetus Third Trimester

A
  • Age of viability
  • Sleep/wake cycle is more predictable
  • Activity level increases Habituation and learning capabilities
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10
Q

Threats to Fetal Development

A

Teratogens

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11
Q

Teratogens

A
  • Drugs
  • Disease
  • Poison
  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
  • Radiation
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12
Q

Impact of Teratogens on developing fetus depends on…

A
  • Dose
  • Frequency
  • Heredity
  • Age
  • Other negative influences
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13
Q

Teratogens effects during period of dividing Zygote, Implantation

A

Usually not susceptible to teratogens (Prenatal Death)

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14
Q

Teratogens effects during embryonic period (in weeks)

A

3: CNS; 4-5: Eyes, Heart, Arm, Leg; 6: Teeth, Ear; 7: Palate; 8: Ear, External Genitals (Major Structural Abnormalities)

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15
Q

Teratogens effects during Fetal Period (in weeks) Full Term

A

9: Brain, External Genitals; 16: Brain (Physiological effects and Minor Structural Abnormalities)

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16
Q

Maternal Factors in Infant Development

A
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Nutrition
  • Emotional Stress
  • Rh Blood Factor
  • (Maternal) Age
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17
Q

Prenatal Development and Later Health

A

Low/High Birth Weight

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18
Q

Low Birth Weight (Prenatal Development and Later Health)

A

Greater chance of Heart Disease, Stroke, Diabetes

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19
Q

High Birth Weight (Prenatal Development and Later Health)

A

Greater chance of breast cancer

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20
Q

Stage 1 of Birth

A

Dilation and Effacement; Transition

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21
Q

Dilation and Effacement (A: Stage 1 of Birth)

A

Contractions of the uterus cause dilation and effacement of the cervix

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22
Q

Transition (B: Stage 1 of Birth)

A

Transition is reached when the frequency and strength of the contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely

23
Q

Stage 2 of Birth

A

Pushing; Birth of the Baby

24
Q

Pushing (C: Stage 2 of Birth)

A

The mother pushes with each contraction, forcing the baby down the birth canal, and the head appears

25
Q

Birth of the Baby (D: Stage 2 of Birth)

A

Near the end of stage 2, the shoulders emerge and are followed quickly by the rest of the baby’s body

26
Q

Stage 3 of Birth

A

Delivery of the Placenta

27
Q

Delivery of the Placenta (E: Stage 3 of Birth)

A

With a few final pushes, the placenta is delivered

28
Q

Birthing Methods

A
  • Drug-assisted Childbirth
  • Natural Childbirth
  • Home Delivery
  • Water Birth
29
Q

Drug-assisted Childbirth (Birthing Methods)

A

-Utilization of drugs and medical equipment to ease the pain of childbirth

30
Q

Natural Childbirth (Birthing Methods)

A

-Birthing classes
Relaxation and breathing techniques
Labor coach

31
Q

Home Delivery (Birthing Methods)

A
  • Using a mid-wife

- Generally recommended for healthy births

32
Q

Water Birth (Birthing Methods)

A
  • Mother is placed in shallow pool of water

- Believed to be relaxing and provide more positive experience

33
Q

The APGAR Scale

A

-Appearance
-Pulse
-Grimace
-Activity
-Respiration
(Usually done twice before baby is allowed to leave the hospital)

34
Q

Are Preterm or Small-for-Date babies at greater risk?

A

Small-for-Date

35
Q

Preterm Babies

A
  • Born weeks before their due date

- May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy

36
Q

Small-for-Date Babies

A
  • May be born at due date or preterm

- Below expected weight for length of pregnancy

37
Q

Interventions for Preterm Infants

A
  • Isolette (Respirator, Feeding tube, Intravenous medication)
  • Special Infant Stimulation (Kangaroo care)
  • Parent Training in Caregiving
38
Q

New Born Reflexes

A
  • Eye Blink
  • Rooting
  • Sucking
  • Moro
  • Palmar Grasp
  • Stepping
  • Babinski
39
Q

Infant States

A
  • Regular, NREM sleep
  • Irregular, REM sleep
  • Drowsiness
  • Quiet Alertness
  • Waking activity and crying
40
Q

Regular, NREM sleep (Infant States)

A

At full rest with little to no body activity, eyes are closed, lids not moving
Duration: 8-9 hours

41
Q

Irregular, REM sleep (Infant States)

A

Gentle limb movements and irregular eye movement under lids. Occasional grimacing and irregular breathing
Duration: 8-9 hours

42
Q

Drowsiness (Infant States)

A

Either falling asleep or waking up. Less active than irregular sleep but more active than regular sleep
Duration: Varies

43
Q

Quiet Alertness (Infant States)

A

Relatively inactive body but eyes are open and baby is attentive
Duration: 2-3 hours

44
Q

Waking activity and crying (Infant States)

A

Frequent bursts of uncoordinated activity. Irregular breathing. Crying may occur. Face may be relaxed or wrinkled.
Duration: 1-4 hours

45
Q

Crying

A
  • Crying is one of the first ways in which babies communicate with the outside world
  • Crying behavior peaks at 6 weeks then declines
  • Infants who are pre-term or have had birthing complications may have a shrill, piercing cry
46
Q

Crying happens for many different reasons:

A
  • Physical needs (hunger)
  • Temperature change
  • Sudden noises
  • Painful stimulus
  • Sound of another baby crying
47
Q

Newborn Sense of Touch

A
  • Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals
  • Highly sensitive to pain (Relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution, gentle holding; Physical touch releases endorphins)
48
Q

Newborn Senses of Taste

A
  • Prefer sweet tastes at birth

- Quickly learn to like new tastes

49
Q

Newborn Senses of Smell

A
  • Have odor preferences from birth

- Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

50
Q

Newborn Senses of Hearing

A
  • Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth
  • Prefer complex sounds to pure tones
  • Learn sound patterns within days
  • Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language
51
Q

Newborn Sense of Vision

A
  • Least developed sense at birth
  • Limited acuity
  • Scan environment, track moving objects
  • Color vision improves in first two months
52
Q

Zygote (1)

A

Fertilized egg= zygote; As the zygote moves down the Fallopian tube, it duplicates, at first slowly and then more rapidly

53
Q

Blastocyst (2)

A

By the fourth day, it forms a hollow fluid-filled ball, called a blastocyst. The inner cells, called the embryonic disk, will become the new organism. The outer cell, or trophoblast, will provide protective covering

54
Q

Implantation (3)

A

At the end of the first week, the blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining

Lifespan Developmental Psychology (5 decks)

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