Theories & Nursing theories Flashcards
(august 23)
Underscores the role of human imagination and vision in theory development. Also a rigorous, systematic, and disciplined.
Creative
open to revision as new evidence emerges.
tentative
it suggests a direction in how to view facts and events
purpose
organized system or supposition of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon of accepted knowledge intended to explain a set of fact, event, or phenomena
theory
give the four (4) components of a theory
concept
proposition
definition
assumption
specifically an idea, thought, or notion formulated or conceived in the mind or an experience periceved and observed
“Building blocks” of theories
e.g. justice, love, war, disease
concept
a statement that expresses or explains the relationships of different concepts and is capable of being tested, believed, or denied.
proposition
composed of various descriptions which convey a general meaning and reduces the vagueness in understanding the set of scopes.
definition
statement that specified the relationship or connection of factual concepts of phenomena.
assumption
- simple but general broad in nature
- logical in nature
- can correlate concepts
- contributes in enriching the general body of knowledge
- can be source of hypothesis
- can be used by practitioners to direct and enhance their practice
- must be consistent with other validated theories, laws, and principles but will leave open unanswered issues that need to be tested.
Theory (its characteristics)
- attempt to describe or explain the phenomenon nursing
- articulated and communicated conceptualization of invented or discovered reality for the purpose of describing, explaining, and predicting or prescribing nursing care
Nursing theory
three components of nursing theory
context (environment)
content (subject)
process (method)
- provides foundations of nursing practice
- helps to decide what we know and what we need to know
- aim to describe, predict, and explain the phenomenon in nursing
- distinguish what should form the basis of practice
- maintains professional boundaries
importance of nursing theory
give the three (3) basic processes in the development of nursing theories
general system theory
adaptation theory
developmental theory
describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how the parts work together in systems
general system theory
the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions
adaptation theory
outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death.
developmental theory
give the four (4) classifications of nursing theories according to:
function
abstraction
Meleis
Alligood
GIVE THE 4 THEORIES ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
descriptive/ factor-isolating theories
explanatory/ factor-relating theories
predictive or situation-relating theories
prescriptive or situation-producing theories
Primary level of theory development; identifies and describes major concept of phenomena. Presents a phenomena based on 5 senses together with their meanings
descriptive/ factor-isolating theories
Present relationship among concept and propositions. Provides information on how and why concepts are related.
explanatory/ factor-relating theories
Relationships of concepts under a certain condition that describe future outcomes consistently. Generated and tested using experimental research.
predictive or situation-relating theories
Nursing action tests the validity and certainity of specific nursing intervention. Commonly used in testing new nursing interventions.
prescriptive or situation-producing theories
THREE (3) MAJOR CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO ABSTRACTION
grand theories
middle-range nursing theories
practice-level nursing theories (micro-range theories)
- abstract, broad in scope, and complex; therefore requiring further research for clarification
- do not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions
- provide a general framework and ideas about nursing
- nursing theorists develop their works based on their own experiences
- addresses nursing metaparadigm components of person, nursing, health, and environment.
GRAND THEORIES
- more limited in scope and presents concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction
- address a specific phenomenon in nursing
- nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory
- based on works of grand theorist
MIDDLE-RANGE NURSING THEORIES
- situation-specific theories that are narrow in scope and focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time
- provide frameworks for nursing interventions and suggest outcomes or effects of nursing practice.
- have a more direct effect on nursing practice.
PRACTICE-LEVEL NURSING THEORIES (MICRO-RANGE THEORIES)
author of THEORETICAL NURSING: DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS that organizes the major nurse theories and models using the following headings: needs, interaction, and outcome theories.
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
4 classification according to Meleis
needs theory
interaction theory
outcome theory
humanistic theory
based around helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs
needs theory
revolve around the relationship of nurses with their patients.
interaction theory
nurse as a changing force, who enables the individual to adapt or to cope with ill-health.
outcome theory
in response to the psychoanalytic thought that a person’s destiny was determined in early life.
humanistic theory
Categorized nursing theories into four (4) headings: nursing philosophy, conceptual models, grand theories, and middle-range theories.
Alligood
give four (4) nursing theories according to Alligood
Nursing Philosophy
Nursing Conceptual Models
Grand Nursing theories
Middle-range theories
most abstract type, sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation. Works of NIGHTINGALE, WATSON, RAY, & BENNER
nursing philosophy
comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some as pioneers of nursing. Addresses the nursing metaparadigm and explain the relationship between them. Works of LEVINE, ROY, ROGERS, KING & OREM.
nursing conceptual models
Are works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, and other grand theories that are generally not as specific as middle-range theories. Works of
LEVINE, ROGERS, OREM, and KING
Grand Nursing theories
Precise and answer specific nursing practice questions. They address the specifics of nursing situations within the perspective of the model or theory from which they are derived. Examples of are that of MERCER, REED, MISHEL, and BARKER
Middle-range theories
- Information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through various life experiences, or
through formal/informal learning - abstract or workable understanding of a subject or idea
- What is known in a particular field of discipline or study
- Facts and information or awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation
KNOWLEDGE
give the three (3) sources of knowledge
Traditional Knowledge
Authoritative knowledge
Scientific knowledge
Nursing practice which is passed down from generation to generation
Traditional Knowledge
An idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true because of his or her expertise
Authoritative knowledge
Came from a scientific method through research wherein new ideas are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria
Scientific knowledge
give the four (4) ways of knowing
Empirical
Ethical
Esthetic
Personal knowledge
described four “patterns of knowing” within nursing
(1978) Carper
From Prehistoric times among primitive tribes up to the early Christian Era
Nursing is untaught, by instinct
Performed out of compassion
For women only, viewed as nurturing job (expected to take good care of the children, the sick and the age)
Primitive men believe that it was bad spirit
PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING
Extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the crusades which began in the 11th century and ended in 1836
Nursing care was provided by monks and nuns
Period of “on-the-job training”.
Dark period of Nursing
From the 17th century up to the 19th century
PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING (MIDDLE AGES)
Began on June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London
Sir Sidney Herbert of British War Department - Florence nightingale was asked by him to recruit female nurses to provide care for the sick and injured in Crimean war
PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING (NIGHTINGALE ERA)
Specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or domain of knowledge
Nursing discipline definition
Provides framework to structure curriculum content or to guide the teaching of nursing practice in nursing programs
Focus on knowledge about how nurses’ function which concentrated on the nursing process
Significance of nursing theory
specialized field of practice
founded by upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and the accompanying practice ability
SIGNIFICANCE TO PROFESSION
use of both logical reasoning and empiricism became prevalent during this era in the discovery of truth for the development of science
Positivism
growth of scientific knowledge commenced. This is evident with the emergence of radical thinking
rationalism and empiricism
use of reason gained thru expert study, tested theory and established facts to evidently prove something
DEDUCTIVE
general to specific knowledge
Rationalism
use of objective and tangible data or those that are perceived by the senses
to formulate general knowledge
INDUCTIVE
Empiricism
