Theories/Models of Growth and Development Flashcards
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral (birth-1yr)
Anal (2-3y)
Phallic (3-6yr)
latency (6-11yr)
Genital (12-Adult)
Oral Stage in Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Dependency and trust, sucking, biting, highly dependant
Anal Stage Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Toilet Training (2-3), Self-control, discipline vs. obedience.
Phallic Stage Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Genital Interest (3-6yrs), what it “means” to be boy or girl, each gender desires parent of opposite sex. Edipus Complex-Boys, Electra Complex-girls
Latency Stage Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Genital/Sexual feelings repressed, guilt (6-11) Super Ego maintains parents expectations
Genital Stage Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
12-Adult, genital interest, relationships with opposite sex
Freud’s 3 Levels of consciousness
Conscious (aware), preconscious (memories accessible), unconscious (instincts and desires)
The 3 levels of Freud’s personality structure interact leading to
The Id, Ego, and Superego interact leading to the use of defense mechansims
The Id, Ego, and Superego each operate how
Id= I want, Ego, The “I” that emergest to control the desires of the Id, Superego negotiates “good vs. bad”
Which theorist developed the concept of Ego Defense Mechanisms
Anna Freud
which theorist believed personality develops over a lifespan
Erik Erikson
Who was the father of Ego Psychology
Erikson
What are the 8 stages of development according to Erik Erikson
Trust v mistrust
autonomy vs. doubt
initiative v. guilt
industry v. inferiority
identity v. identity confusion
intimacy v. isolation
generativity v. stagnation
integrity v. despair
Jean Piaget is know for what theory of development?
Cognitive Development
According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive development there are two was of learning. What are they?
Assimilation- Individual uses an existing schema with a new environment
Accommodation- Individual changes the schema to fit the environment
What is Assimilation and which developmental theory is it associated with?
Cognitive Development–Individual uses an existing schema with a new environment
What is Accommodation and who developed the theory to which it pertains?
Jean Piaget.
Accommodation- Individual changes the schema to fit the environment
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (birth-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete Operational (7-11)
Formal Operational (11-adult)
Lawrence Kohlberg is know for which developmental theory?
Moral Development
What are Kohlberg’s 3 levels of Moral Development?
Pre-Conventional (“what’s in it for me”)
Conventional (Conforms to social norms)
Post Conventional (Laws should = Justice)
which theorists are associated with attachment theory?
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
What are the characteristics of Healthy attachment
proximity maintenance
safe haven
secure base
separation distress
Proximity Maintenance
Desire to be near people to whom we are attached
Safe Haven
returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of fear or threat
Secure Base
Point of security (usually the mother) from which the child can explore without fear of abandonment
Separation Distress
Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure
What are the stages of extended separation?
Protest, despair/depression, detachment, anaclitic depression
Object Relations Theory is associated with which Theorist?
Margaret Mahler
When an infant learns to identify b/w self and non-self is which theory?
Object Relations Theory
3 Stages of Mahler’s Developmental Theory
Normal Autism (birth - 1 month)
Symbiosis 1-4 months (strong match b/w mother and infant)
Separation/Individualization 4months-36months (Ego-Identity develops)
Symbiosis is?
Stage 2 in Mahler’s Developmental Theory–A strong match b/w infant and mother
Symbiotic Psychosis is?
A mental disorder caused by severe derivation
At what stage is Mahler’s Developmental Theory broken into 4 substages?
Separation-Individualization
What are the substages in Mahler’s Developmental Theory leading to a child’s ego-development?
Differentiation/Mother Hatching (4/8months)
Practicing- practicing moving away/returning to mother
Rapprochement- child’s efforts for autonomous functioning
Achievement of Individuality- Mother now completely separate, object constancy–child stays attached to mother even during inconsistency
Object Constancy
Child stays attached to mother even during in consistency
Which Theorist focused on a hierarchy of needs?
Maslow
What are the hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs
safety
belonging
self-esteem
self-actualization
Who developed Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
Conditions a behavior so that it occurs under a new antecedent conditions
Unconditioned Stimulus
causes a reaction naturally
Unconditioned response
The reaction to the cause (salvation to meat powder)
Conditioned Stimulus
new stimulant (bell) that does nothing until paired with unconditioned stimulus (the meat)
Conditioned Response
Reaction to NEW stimulus (Salvation to bell)
Operant Conditioning is was developed by which behavioralist?
BF Skinner
Operant Conditioning is…
The modification of voluntary behavior through the use of consequences (positive/negative).
What are four types of operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction
Which types of operant conditioning weaken behavior?
punishment and extinction
extinction
to ignore a behavior
Who developed the 5 stages of dying?
Elizabeth Kubler Ross
What are Kubler-Ross’s 5 stages of dying?
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Concepts of self-efficacy
In Social Learning Theory learning is dependent on…..
environment, cognition, and behavior
According to the Social Learning Theory, Observational Learning requires which 4 characteristics
attention,
retention,
reciprocation
motivation
Feminist of Social Learning
Carol Gilligan
Person in Environment System assesses client functioning using what 4 systems?
4 “systems”–social, environmental, mental, physical
Mahler’s Child Development is also used for …
Couples Development
Which Theorists are associated with PIE assessment?
James Karl and Karen Wandrei
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism
Founder of Experimental psychology
Studied the structure of consciousness, rather than function
William James
Functionalism
Studied the function of consciousness, rather than the structure
Sigmund Freud developed?
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
Consciousness, structure of personality, and stages of child development
Alfred Adler
Individual Psychology
*every person has feelings of inferiority and strives for superiority
John B. Watson
Behaviorism
emphasized Observable Behavior of individuals, rather than their emotional or mental state.
Lev Vygotsky
Child Development
Children’s learning processes and the use of language
Kurt Lewin
Social Psychology
Organizational Management
Defensive Mechanisms serve what purpose?
Used to protect the Ego
Rene Spitz
Ego Development of the child and the relationship between mother and child. Developed–“Anaclitic depression”
Compensation
seeking of success in one area of life as a substitute for success in another
Conversion
transformation of anxiety into a physical dysfunction (Seizures as a defense against ongoing abuse)
Denial
refusal to acknowledge an aspect of reality
Displacement
shifting of negative feelings one has about a person or situation onto a different person or situation (husband angry at boss, takes it out on his wife)
How is Identification used as a defense mechanism?
Client identifies with the person or thing causing anxiety. Such as “identifying with a kidnapper.”
Isolation of Affect
painful feelings are separated from the incident that triggered them initially (in car accident but has no emotion until afterward)
Intellectualization
reasoning is used to block difficult feelings
Projection
ones own negative characteristics are denied and instead seen as being characteristics of someone else. (when someone is calling the kettle black)
Rationalization
Person substitutes a more socially acceptable, logical reason for an action rather than identifying the real motivation (pretending to have a work meeting to get out of a family dinner)
Reaction Formation
Adopting a behavior that is the antithesis of the instinctual urge (pretending to care about an oppressed group when real bias exists.)
Regression
Reverting to a more primitive modes of coping
Repression
Unconscious pushing of anxiety producing thoughts and issues out of the conscious and in to the unconscious
Sublimation
intolerable drives or desires are diverted into activities that are acceptable (strong sexual urges, so plays sports)
Substitution
a person replaces an unacceptable goal with an acceptable one (someone wants to be a tattoo artist but becomes a painter b/c of family pressure)
Undoing
an individual engages in a repetitious ritual in an attempt to reverse an unacceptable action previous taken. (washing hands to symbolically get rid of blood after having a fight)
Affliation
an individual shares with others his or her emotional conflict or stress to elicit support or help rather than trying to place the responsibility on someone else. (working through you problems with support of others)
Aim Inhibition
an individual places a limit on his or her instinctual demands and accepts a modified goal (cant’ become a doctor, so they become a pharmacist)
Altruism as a defense mechanism…
a person manages emotion/anxiety etc by meeting the needs of others, thereby receiving vicarious gratification. (Sadness over can’t be a mother, so becomes a nurse)
Anticipation
an individual deals with anxiety by practicing his or her emotional reactions to an anticipated future event.
Autistic Fantasy
an individual daydreams excessively as a substitute for real action (dreams about being a rock star but never takes a music lesson)
Deflection
a GROUP member who redirections attention away from himself or herself and on to another group member
Devaluation
an individual deals with his or her emotional conflict or stress by attributing negative qualities to him or herself or to others
Dissociation
a mechanism of compartmentalization, or separating of activities or thoughts from the main portion of one’s consciousness. (A man able to live two lives, with two wives/families)
Fixation
When someone is attached to an object associated with an early psychosexual stage of development– “oral fixation” a baby struggles to wean and develops an oral fixation.
Idealization
the process of over-estimating the desirable qualities and under estimating the limitations of something that is important to the individual.
Imitation
the unconscious and conscious modeling of another persons behavior or style
Incorportation
earliest mechanisms used in the developmental process whereby a child through the process of observation, assimilates into his or her own ego and superego the values attitudes, and preferences of her parents.
Introjection
UNCONSCIOUSLY incorporating ideas, attributes, or mental image into one’s own personality
Isolation
an individual is able to split off emotional components from a thought or experience (flight attendant remains calm during an emergency, reacting once it’s over)
Omnipotence
an individual dealing with his or her own emotional stress by feeling or acting in a superior manner.
Passive Aggression
an individual expresses aggression toward another person in an indirect and unassertive manner to avoid the emotional stress related to dealing with the other person’s reaction.
Projective Identification
Like projection, this falsely attributes to another person one’s own unacceptable impulses, thoughts or feelings–but is a far more primitive form of relating and more disturbing for the receiver to deal with
Resistance
prevents the bringing of repressed (unconscious) feelings or information to conscious awareness to avoid anxiety
Restitution
Relieving stress or guilt by doing something to make up for what one considers a behavior error committed against another individual. (Bring a cake to after refusing to do a favor)
Somatization
an individual experiences physical symptoms of the body’s sympathetic and parasympathetic system as the result of emotional conflict or stress.
Splitting
splitting another person into two parts (the good and the bad) to cope with the painful feelings associated with that person.
Suppression
the conscious and intentional exclusion of data from consciousness.
Symbolization
handling emotional conflicts by turning those conflicts into symbols which can be viewed as displacements of deeper desires (interpreting a dream as a symbol of a deeper desire)
Ethnographic Approach
The study of culture as fluid, always evolving. The client is a cultural guide for social worker
Ethnographic Interviewing
To understand the “meaning” of a clients cultural experience
Don’t listen for underlying feelings, listen for underlying cultural meaning
Use skills of restating and incorporating, NOT rephrasing and reframing
Traditional Adaptation
Ethnic culture stays strong against dominate culture
Marginal Adaptation
Reject both ethnic and dominate culture
Assimilation
Reject ethnic and adopt dominate
Bicultural Adaptation
Accept ethnic and dominate culture
What is a child thinking during Kohlberg’s Pre-Conventional stage of moral development?
“What’s in it for me?”
How is one thinking/behaving during Kohlberg’s Conventional stage of moral development?
Conforming to social norms
