theories for language and social groups

Question 1

what is elaborate code (bernstein’s social code theory - 1971)

Answer 1

a manner of speech which is closest to being universally understandable. works in situations that are not context dependent because the language is understandable and provides sufficient detail for clarity

Question 2

what is restricted code (bernstein’s social code theory- 1971)

Answer 2

a code of speaking that to larger groups could exclude some listeners, but in social groups can create a sense of inclusion. can be found amount friends and family and other tightly knit social groups.

Question 3

what is code switching (bernstein’s social code theory- 1971)

Answer 3

the ability of a speaker to dip in and out of elaborate and restricted codes, depending on pragmatic/context

Question 4

what is a closed network (milroy’s social network theory- 1987)

Answer 4

where a persons connected contacts all know each other. they tend to be high density

Question 5

what is an open network (milroy’s social network theory- 1987)

Answer 5

where a persons connected contacts tend not to know each other. they tend to be low density

Question 6

what is a multiplex network (milroy’s social network theory- 1987)

Answer 6

where a persons connected contacts in a particular network belong to multiple groups (having a friend who is a work college who is close to your family member, occupying the same social network as another colleague that you hardly know)

Question 7

what is network density

Answer 7

describes the portion of the potential connections in a network that are actual connections.

Question 8

what is overt prestige

Answer 8

adopting the form of speech that is commonly identified with the acknowledged social status (money, wealth, success)

Question 9

what is covert prestige

Answer 9

the speech form associated with less-quantifiable and individualised aspects of social status

Question 10

penelope eckert - the jocks and the burnouts (2000)

Answer 10

burnouts- used more exaggerated pronunciations associated with the urban accent of their detroit neighbourhood (were some subgroups who spoke differently as they were more established)
jocks- more concerned with speaking in a socially prestigious way- reflecting their middle class background