Theories and Therapy Flashcards
What 3 concepts are apart of Freud’s Personality Structure theory
Ego, Superego, and ID
What is Ego in Freud’s personality structure? Is it conscious or unconscious?
Ego is conscious and it deals with reality. Has to do with problem solving, reality tester and defense mechanisms
What is Super Ego in Freud’s personality structure? Is it conscious or unconscious?
It is unconscious and it is our moral component. It is where we hold our moral standards and beliefs
What is ID in Freud’s personality structure? Is it conscious or unconscious?
ID is unconscious and it deals with our instinctive and primitive behaviors. Like our pleasure principle, reflex
Freud believes that all Mental issues come from?
Unconscious thoughts
____ and ____ are always fighting with _____
Ego and Superego are always fighting with ID
What are the 3 levels of awareness?
Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
What is conscious?
Our current awareness; thoughts feelings, and beliefs
What is preconscious?
Content isn’t the subject of our attention, but is accessible with conscious effort
What in unconscious?
Most primitive feelings, drives and memories reside
What are defense mechanisms? What causes them? Where do they operate?
They are psychological responses that help distort reality to make things less threatening. Anxiety causes it and it operates on the unconscious level
What is repression?
When we put our thoughts away (usually due to hurtful thoughts)
What is denial?
refusing to accept reality
What is projection?
Putting your thoughts onto someone else
What is displacement?
redirecting your emotions
What is regression?
retreating to an earlier developmental stage
What is sublimation?
Channeling impulses into activities
What is rationalization?
Justifying your behaviors with logic
What is intellectualization?
Focus on logic to avoid emotional pain
What is identification?
Adopting the behaviors of others
What is compensation?
Making up for something
What is the goal of Freud’s Psychoanalytic therapy? What tools did that involve?
Goal was to reveal unconscious mind and repressed memories
The tools used were free association, dream analysis, and transference
What is Free association?
Freely talking
What is dream analysis?
Looking at dreams because they are the window into the unconscious, hidden desires and fears
Freud’s Psychanalytic theory states that: early stages of life determine what?
Patterns and personality traits
What is the psychodynamic therapy? What is the goal?
Modern version of the psychoanalytic theory. Its shorter and the goal is to gain a deeper self-awareness
What is the Sullivans interpersonal theory?
Our interactions and relationships shape our personality
How does one avoid anxiety by the interpersonal therapy?
By focusing on positive things about us verses the negative things
Pavlov’s classical conditioning is a behavioral theory. What is it?
involuntary behavior can be conditioned to respond to a stimuli Learning through association
Watson’s behaviorism is a behavioral theory, what is it?
Behaviors that can be observed is more important. Behaviors are learned through watching people
Skinner’s operant conditioning is a behavioral theory, what is it?
Voluntary behaviors are learned through consequences of positive or negative reinforcement or punishment
Behavioral modification is a type of therapy, what is it?
Correct or eliminate maladaptive behaviors by rewarding and reinforcing adaptive behaviors
Systematic desensitization is a type of therapy, what is it?
type of exposure therapy that exposed an individual to their fear in a controlled environment. Allows the individual to confront and reduce their fear
What is aversion therapy?
Associating unpleasant consequences with unwanted habits
What is biofeedback?
learning to control physiological responses
What are the basic needs? They are?
Deficiency needs or D-motives. They are things like air, water and food
Self actualization is are what motives?
They are our b-motives or being needs
What does Maslow’s theory emphasize..?
Human potential and patients strengths
What is carl rogers person-centered therapy?
It is a client centered therapy. The client is the expert while the therapist gives support and listens
What is the Rational-emotive behavior therapy (Ellis). Uses the?
How you handle an event and that irrational beliefs lead to emotional destress. He uses the ABC’s
What is cognitive- behavioral therapy (beck)? What is the goal>
Automatic negative thoughts and cognitive distorted lead to emotional distress. The goal is to help identify and stop distorted thinking
What are the ABC’s for the Ellis’s theory?
Activating event
Belief
Consequence
What is Piaget: cognitive development
How children’s thinking changes over time
What are the stages of Cognitive development?
Sensorimotor: birth-2 years: object permeance
Preoperational: 2-7: language and egocentric thinking
Concreate operational: 7-11: conversation, problem solving, and logic
Formal Operational: 11-adult: Problem solving like an adult
Of Erikson’s 8 stages of development, what stage would contain trust and mistrust?
Infant: Trust vs Mistrust
Of Erikson’s 8 stages of development, what stage would involve the making decisions and might possibly feel shame or doubt about those decisions?
Toddler: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Of Erikson’s 8 stages of development, what stage would be Initiative vs guilt?
Preschooler
Of Erikson’s 8 stages of development, what stage would contain more self-confidence when abilities are competent and sense of inferiority when not
School-age Child: industry bs inferiority
Of Erikson’s 8 stages of development, what stage would experiment with their identity and roles?
Adolescent: identity vs role confusion
Of Erikson’s 8 stages of development, what stage would relationships and more intimacy be present?
Young adult: Intimacy vs isolation
Of Erikson’s 8 stages of development, what stage would contribute more to society and be apart of society?
Middle-age adult: generativity vs stagnation
Of Erikson’s 8 stages of development, what stage would look back at their life to see if it was meaningful to them
Older adult: integrity vs despair
What is Mahler: theory of object permanence?
When objects continue to exist even when they cant be seen, heard or felt
What is Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Justice and rights is the highest form of moral reasoning(male)
What is Gilligan’s stages of moral development?
thought more women and caring/ethics was needed with justice and rights
Who was Hildegard Peplau? what did she advocate for?
She is the mother of psychiatric nursing and she advocated for law changes to improve the care of the mentally ill
The art of nursing is to?
Provide care, compassion and advocacy
What is the science of nursing?
Applying knowledge
What does the mental heathy recovery model emphasize on and is it patient centered?
It emphasizes on adaptive living, not a cure and yes it is patient centered
What is group therapy and what are the keys to efficacy?
Group therapy is meeting face-to-face with others over a common purpose
Keys to efficacy are the setting, group content, group process, group development, group dynamics and the leadership?
What are the 3 kinds of leadership styles seen in group therapy and what are they?
Autocratic: makes decisions and takes control with minimal input from others
Democratic: encourages participation of group members to make decisions
Laissez-faire: Minimal guidance, group manages themselves
What is Tuckman’s 5 group stages?
Forming, Storming (conflict), norming, performing (works towards goals), and adjourning (leaving)
What is milieu therapy?
Uses a safe environment to give support and help with healing
What is the goal of family therapy?
To deal with it as a family not alone
Psychiatic illness results in what?
An alteration in neurotransmitters
What is insufficient transmission?
It is when there is a deficient release of neurotransmitters or a decrease in receptors
What is excessive transmission?
When there is an excessive release of transmitters or and increased receptor responsiveness
What are the 2 ways that neurotransmitters are destroyed?
1st way: destroyed by enzymes
2nd way: reuptake by the cells
What are your monoamines neruotransmitters?
Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine
What does dopamine control and what does its increased and decreased levels cause?
Controls movement, mood, motivation, and new memories
Decreased: Parkison’s or depression
Increased: Schizophrenia, mania
What does norepinephrine control and what does its increased and decreased levels cause?
Controls mood, arousal, attention, and fight or flight response
Decreased: depression
Increased: Anxiety states
What does serotonin control and what does its increased and decreased levels cause?
Serotonin controls: sleep, appetite, emotions, digestion, blood clotting
Decreased: Depression
Increased: Anxiety states
What does histamine control and what does its increased levels cause?
Controls: sleep-wake cycle, alertness, appetite, and inflammation
Increased levels are associated with anxiety and depression
What are your amino acid neurotransmitters?
GABA and Glutamate
What does GABA control and what does its increased and decreased levels cause?
Prevents neurons from firing too much; “brains brake pedal”; inhibits
Decreased: anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, mania, Huntington’s
Increased: reduction of anxiety, schizophrenia and mania
What does Glutamate control
Brains gas pedal; controls learning, memory, overall brain function
What is your Cholinergic neurotransmitter?
Acetycholine
What does Acetylcholine control and what does its increased and decreased levels cause?
It regulates brain and body function, memory, learning, attention, and muscle activation
Decreased: Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s
Increased: Depression
What are your Peptides-neuromodulator neurotransmitters?
Substance P, somatostatin, and neurotensin
What does Substance P control?
It regulates pain, mood, and emotions
What does Somatostatin control and what does its increased and decreased levels cause?
Controls physical physiological processes
Decreased: Alzheimer
Increased: Huntington
What does Neurotensin control and what does its decreased levels cause?
It regulated mood and emotions, body temp
Decrease: in spinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia
What are pharmacokinetic interactions and pharmacodynamic interactions of?
Pharmacokinetic: Against
Pharmacodynamic: Together
What is Monoamine oxidase (MAO)?
Enzymes that destroy monoamines
What is Monoamines oxidase inhibitors? (MAOIs)
Drugs that stop or inhibit MAO’s, thus there is an increase in the concentrations of monoamines
What are Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s)? What are the side effects and give examples.
They increase the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
Side effects: Anticholinergic effects (drying you out, retain fluids/urine)
Ex.) Elavil (Amitriptyline) and Pamelor (Nortriptyline)
What are Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)? What are the side effects and give examples.
Increase levels of serotonin
Side effects: N/V, and fewer anticholinergic effects
Ex.) Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (Sertraline), and Paxil (paroxetine)
What are Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)? What are the side effects and give examples.
Increase levels of serotonin and Norepinephrine
Side effects: fewer anticholinergic effects
Ex.) Effexor (venlafaxine) and Cymbalta (duloxetine)
What are Serotonin -norepinephrine disinhibitors (SNDI)? Give examples.
Increase serotonin and Norepinephrine.
Combined with SSRI’s
Ex.) Remeron (mirtazapine)
What are Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI)? What are the side effects and give examples.
Increase Norepinephrine and dopamine
Side effects: reduce addictive effects
Ex.) Wellbutrin (bupropion)
What are Serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)? Give examples.
Increase serotonin. Not the first choice, but useful for insomnia
Ex.) Desyrel (Trazodone)
What are Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)? What are the side effects and give examples.
Increase Norepinephrine
Treats ADHD
Ex.) Strattera (atomoxetine)
Lithium is a mood stabilizer, what does it do, give an example and what are possible side effects?
It stabilizes depression and mania (bipolar)
Has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning it can become toxic. If it does S/S include tremor, ataxia, confusion, convulsions, and N/V
Ex.) Eskalith and Lithobid
Valproate is an anticonvulsant mood stabilizer, what does it do and give an example.
It works to manage impulsive aggression
Ex.) Depakote/ Depakene
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant mood stabilizer; what does it do and give an example.
Given for acute mania
Ex.) Tegretol
Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant mood stabilizer, what does it do and give an example. What do I need to look out for?
used for maintenance therapy and mood swings
watch for rash
Ex.) Lamictal
What are some off-label mood stabilzers?
oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
gabapentin (Neurontin)
topiramate (Topamax)
Benzodiazepines are used for anxiety and Insomnia. What are examples for both? (HINT END IN -am)
Anxiety: Valium (Diazepam), Klonopin (Clonazepam), and Xanax (Alprazolam)
Insomnia: Dalmane (flurazepam) and Halcion (triazolam)
Buspar (buspirone) is an antianxiety medication. It is a nonbenzo. It has less protentional for?
Dependence
What are Z hypnotics? Give examples.
Short acting sedative agents.
ex.) Ambien (zolpidem), Sonata (zaleplon), and Lunesta (eszopiclone)
What are Dopamine receptor antagonists (DRAs)
They are antipsychotic drugs (first generation), and they bind to dopamine type 2 receptors to reduce dopamine transmission
What are extrapyramidal side effects?
Movement related side effects
Name that transmitter for these types of drugs:
Antidepressant
Antianxiety
Sedative hypnotic
Mood stabilizer
Antipsychotic
Anticholinesterase
Antidepressant: Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
Antianxiety: GABA
Sedative hypnotic: GABA
Mood stabilizer: GABA and Glutamate
Antipsychotic: Dopamine
Anticholinesterase: Acetylcholine
What does PNI focus on?
The relationship between the immune and CNS
