Theories and theorist Flashcards
Behaviorist theory
development in terms of conditioning. They learn what behaviors result in rewards or punishments and develop patterns of behaviors as a result. This is in the future side. Says children’s personalities are a product of their environment
Constructivist theory
Learning: people build or construct knowledge based on prior knowledge or experiences in an environment. Can synthesize old information to generate new ideas. Places emphasis on individual as an active learner.
Ecological systems theory
Focuses on the social environment. Looks at close relationships ( family etc) as well as the broader social context like school etc. Also looks at ethnicity, culture, socioeconomic status and geography in a persons development
Maturationist Theory
Natural disposition of a child to learn. ( nature). Humans are predisposition to learn and development. Early learning should only be passively supported.
Psychoanalytic theory
Beneath the conscious interaction with the world, it’s an individuals subconscious thoughts that affect their active emotions and behaviors. The subconscious thoughts are both from previous experiences . These thoughts along with conscious thoughts interplay with one another to form desires, personalities attitudes and habits
Freud’s psycho-sexual theory
The effects of the unconscious on behavior and personality. Also developed stages of development in which a person encounters various conflicts or crisis called psychosexual stages of development. How a person handles these crisises influences personality and life.
Erikkson’s psychosocial development theory
Expansion of fried’s psychosexual stages.
Has 8 stages: A persons resolution of the crisis carries through the rest of their lives. The crises are throughout the lives of the individual. Handling them well leads to a good life.
Kohlburgs stages of moral development
Heavily influenced by Erickson. 3 larger levels of moral development with substages. They are 1) pre conventional level 2) conventional level 3) post conventional or principled level.
Pre-conventional level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Morality is throughly externally controlled by authorities. Its motivated by avoidance of punishment and pursuit of rewards
Conventional level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
This stage is focused on laws and social factors and the desire to be seen as good or nice by others
Post conventional or principled level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
looks beyond laws and social obligations to more complex, situational considerations. At this stage, one might break a law that is not good for society or moral.
George Herbert Mead’s Play and Game Stage Development Theory
Learn by stepping into social roles. Children first interact with the world by imitating and playing by themselves.
3 stages of development characterized by increasing complexity of play.
Preparatory stage
Mead’s stage 1 of development. Can play pretend snd can learn cooking concepts by pretending to cook.
Play stage
Mead’s stage 2 : As the grow, they learn to step in and out of increasingly abstract and complex roles including more interaction.
Game stage
Mead’s 3rd stage: Child can understand their role and the role of others in games
Ivan Pavlov
Predecessor to behaviorist school of thought. 1st to observe classical conditioning(cc) (Pavlov’s dog) also known as Pavlovian conditioning. Introduce neutral stimulus (bell) to a naturally significant stimulus ( sight of food) to create a conditioned response (salivating)
John B Watson
Founder of behaviorism and worked to expand the knowledge base of conditioning. His experiment includes highly unethical Baby Albert experiment
BF Skinner
expanded on Watsons work in behaviorism. He studied the effect of reinforcement and punishment.
Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory describes development as a social process in which individuals mediate knowledge through social interactions and can learn by watching others. His most notable theory is zones of proximal development.
Zones of Proximal development
3 levels of an individuals ability to do a task: 1) completely incapable 2) capable with assistance 3) independently capable
Bandura’s social learning theory
Does not buy into stimulus-response but rather believes that an individual can learn from other peoples social interactions. Most learning takes place from observing and predicting social behavior, NOT through direct experience.
Bowlby’s attachment theory
describes the impact that early connections have on lifelong development. Infants are predisposition to be attached to their caregivers as this increases chance of survival. They use caregivers as a reference to help learn what is socially acceptable.
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
As an individual develops, their cognitive processes are able to become more complex and abstract. All development takes place at predictable stages
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
He defined human motivation in terms of needs and wants.When human’s fulfill their needs on one level, they move to the other. Most basic is physiological (basic human needs food, shelter), Safety ( place to live, protection from harm), Love/belonging (significant other, family, friends a community acceptance), esteem ( you are successful and worthy of love) , self-actualization ( acceptance of your life and choices).
