Theories and stages of learning Flashcards
Operant conditioning / associanist theory
Manipulating or changing the environment to trigger a direct response aiming to form or strengthen an SR bond
3 types of reinforcement - Associanist
Positive reinforcement is the presentation of a pleasant stimulus to the performer after a desired response
Negative reinforcement is the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus to the performer after an incorrect response. This annoyer is withdrawn after correct response occurs
Punishment is the presentation of a very unpleasant stimulus to the performer after an incorrect response
Thorndike’s laws
Law of effect: Reinforcement or praise will strengthen the S-R bond which will help learning, an annoyer will weaken the S-R bond
Law of readiness: Learner must have the physically / mental capabilities of performing the skill. If inexperienced skill cant be performed and weakens S-R bond
Law of exercise: Repeating and reinforcement strengthens S-R bond. Lack of practice or reinforcement weakens S-R bond
Cognitive learning theory
Learning is most effective when learner is given the whole problem so they can work out the best solution
Work of gestaltists where problem in its entirety, rather than a collection of parts
Intervening variables are factors which come between the stimulus occurring and a response being selected E.g. opponents movement
Requires Insight, Intelligence, recognise important cues
Observational learning theory
Bandura said learning is more likely to occur when you observe and imitate a role model
ARMM
Attention: Learner focus on important parts
Retention: Learner must remember demo, repeated demo aids memory as does mental rehearsal
Motor reproduction: learner must have physical and mental capability to perform skill and must copy it
Motivation: Learner must want to copy skill, motivation increases its seen as relevant or worthwhile
Effective role models
There is a high status model
The model is similar to / same as observer
Model is attractive
Model is reinforced
Strengths of the cognitive theory of learning
- Understanding
- Application
- Quick
- Future problem solving / perception
- Adaptability / Schema
- Self correct
- kinaesthetic feel
Weaknesses of the cognitive theory of learning
`1. Too complex / dangerous
2. Motivation
3. Understand
4. Physically unable
5. Cognitive ability
6. Less effective than Social Learning
7. Reinforcement
8. May lack Past experiences
Strengths of Operant conditioning theory
Simple and practical to implement
Encourages skill development via reinforcement
Provides structure for behavior control
Supported by scientific research
Adaptable through variable reinforcement
Supported by Skinners rats
Weaknesses of operant conditioning
Athletes may not understand why they act
Neglects cognitive processes
Ethical concerns with excessive punishment
Limited for teaching complex skills
Can reduce intrinsic motivation
Strengths of observational theory
Supported by Bandura
Adaptable to various settings
Quick skill acquisition without trial-and-error
High accuracy when observing skilled models
Promotes teamwork and communication
Weaknesses of observational theory
Limited depth compared to hands-on practice
Errors if model demonstrates flawed techniques
Overdependence on role models
Reduces risk from dangerous mistakes Misinterpretation risks
Requires learner motivation
Characteristics of autonomous learners
An accurate, grooved or over learned motor programme is fully formed
Stored in long term memory
Movement is fluent with few mistakes
Little conscious control needed
Performer can reference intrinsic/kinaesthetic feedback giving spare attention capacity
Performer may revisit the associative stage to finely tune the ski
Characteristics of an associative learner
Matching/associating the mental model with performance
Practice or rehearsal occurs
Less reliance on extrinsic feedback; intrinsic/ kinaesthetic feedback can now be used
Increased fluency/rhythm /efficiency
Some never move beyond this stage; it is the longest phase
Characteristics of a cognitive learner
A mental image/ picture is formed
Mental rehearsal helps the learner to understand what needs to be done
Concentration (conscious thought) needed to perform each sub routine
Extrinsic feedback required in the form of verbal and visual cues
The learner is unable to use intrinsic/kinaesthetic feedback
Movement lacks fluency/ is jerk
What are the 3 stages of learning
COGNITIVE STAGE: Novice / beginner
Initial learning phase
Models required
ASSOCIATIVE STAGE: Intermediate
Comparisons with model
Error detection/correction
AUTONOMOUS STAGE: Expert
Skill becomes habitual
Overlearning of skills
