Feedback Flashcards
What is feedback
Without feedback there is no ability to learn!
Feedback is a vital part of information processing (IP), see a
simple model of IP below.
Feedback has an important role to play in correcting errors
and improving performance, which can help to provide
confidence and motivation for the performer
Uses of positive feedback
Feedback which is given or received when movement is correct
It can be both intrinsic or extrinsic
Is used to reinforce the correct action, increasing the likeliness of the action being repeated
It used for motivating performers and increasing confidence
E.g. the teacher praising the correct passing technique when shooting in netball
Uses of negative feedback
Feedback which is given or received when a movement is incorrect
It can be both intrinsic or extrinsic
Is used to decrease the likeliness the action being repeated and of bad habits developing
It can be demotivating if used excessively
E.g. the teacher indicting that the technique of catching in softball is
incorrect
Strengths of positive feedback
Good at the cognitive and associative stages of learning
Indicates which part of the skill has been performed correctly
Gives confidence
Improves motivation
Weaknesses of positive feedback
Less effective at the autonomous stages when mistakes need to be identified
Ineffective if unspecific or imprecise
Loses impact if used too often
Strengths of negative feedback
Good at the autonomous stages
Can finely tune well learned skills
Helps the performer to remain at the autonomous stage
Motivating for performer at the autonomous stage
Weaknesses of negative feedback
Less effective at cognitive and associative stages
Can hinder learning if overused
Can be demotivating at the cognitive and associative stages
What is extrinsic feedback
This feedback comes from an external source such as a coach or seeing the result/outcome of the skill being performed. This can be during the performance (concurrent) or analysing the performance after the performance (terminal).
There are 2 types of extrinsic feedback:
1. Knowledge of results (KR)
2. Knowledge of performance (KR)
What is intrinsic feedback
This type of feedback happens within the performer. Information
received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a movement through the kinaesthetic senses of our proprioceptors – information /feelings from Proprioceptors in your muscles, joints and
your balance senses.
This is known as Kinaesthetic awareness
Positives of extrinsic feedback
Good at the cognitive and associative stages of learning
Helps understand the correct pattern of movement
Teaches the performer to know how to focus on/use intrinsic feedback
Can be a source of positive reinforcement
Negatives of extrinsic feedback
Learner can become too dependent on extrinsic feedback
Less effective in developing kinesthesis which is needed to reach the autonomous stage
If overused, its effectiveness as a source of positive reinforcement is lessened
Positives of intrinsic feedback
Good at the autonomous stage
Intrinsic feedback or kinesthesis helps fluency of the skill
Allows the performer to have more attentional space (less to think about) the performer has time to think about or focus on peripheral stimuli
Negatives of intrinsic feedback
Less effective at cognitive and associative stages
Can hinder learning if interpreted incorrectly
Can be demotivating at the cognitive and associative stages
What is knowledge of results feedback
Knowledge of results is information about the outcome or
result of the movement. It is extrinsic.
For example, did the hockey player see their pass reach its target or not. Was the outcome of the pass successful?
This can be positive or negative
What is knowledge of performance feedback
Knowledge of performance is information about the quality of the movement. It can be extrinsic or intrinsic.
For example a basketball player will use feedback about whether the technique they used was correct rather than if the shot was successful
Advantages of knowledge of results
Good at cognitive & associative stages
Allows correction after the movement or outcome of the movement
Enables skills to be modified
Good for open skills because the outcome/result (not technique) is the measure of success e.g. whether the pass in hockey is successful (not whether it looks good)
Disadvantages of knowledge of results
Not as effective at autonomous stage
Can only be used after movement has been completed … corrections cannot be made during performance
Not as effective in some closed skills, because technique is often the measure of success e.g. a gymnastic vault is judged on good technique or how it looks
Advantages of knowledge of performance
Ideal at autonomous stage when kinesthesis helps with technique
Allows for quick correction e.g. during a gymnastics vault when technique is the measure of success
Good for modifying overlearned skills
Very effective in some closed skills as it enables technique to be adjusted during performance e.g. small adjustments during a gymnastics vault
Disadvantages of knowledge of performance
Less likely at cognitive stage
Gained through experience so may take a long time to develop
Long process may be demotivating and may prevent some learners from reaching the autonomous stage
