Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BTEC Health and Social > Theories > Flashcards

Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Bowlby: What is the main belief of the theory?

A

Infants are biologically pre-programmed to form attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bowlby: How can disrupted attachment affect development?

A

Can have a negative impact on development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bowlby: Is attachment essential?

A

Attachment to a primary care giver is essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bowlby: How can attachment as an infant affect you in the future?

A

Attachment to the primary caregiver is a model for future attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bowlby: Is infancy an important period for attachment?

A

Infancy is a critical period for developing attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bowlby: How is attachment formed in the first few months of infancy?

A

In earlier months infants form one primary attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Schaffer and Emerson’s: What is an infants attachment at 3 months?

A

Responds to any caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Schaffer and Emerson’s: What is an infants attachment at 4-7 months?

A

Shows preference for primary caregiver but accepts care from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Scaffer and Emerson’s: What is an infants attachment at 7-9 months?

A

Prefers primary caregiver and seeks comfort from them, unhappy when separated and shows fear of strangers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Scaffer and Emerson’s: What is an infants attachment at 10 months +?

A

Begins to develop attachments with others who respond to them. By 18 months most infants have formed multiple attachments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ainsworth: What are Ainsworth three classifications of attachment based on her studies?

A

Secure
Insecure/avoidant
Insecure/resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ainsworth: If an individuals parenting style was secure how would the parent act when they are separated from their child?

A

In tune with the child and their emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ainsworth: If an individuals parenting style was secure how would the child act when they are separated from their parent?

A

Will show signs of distress when caregiver leaves and will greet them when they return.
They will seek comfort from the caregiver when upset and happy with strangers when parent is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ainsworth: If an individuals parenting style was insecure/avoidant how would the parent act when they are separated from their child?

A

Unavailable to child/rejects them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ainsworth: If an individuals parenting style was insecure/avoidant how would the child act when they are separated from their parent?

A

Does not show distress when primary caregiver leaves, continues to explore the environment may go to a stranger for comfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ainsworth: If an individuals parenting style was insecure/resistant how would the parent act when they are separated from their child?

A

Inconsistent in meeting the child’s needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ainsworth: If an individuals parenting style was insecure/resistant how would the child act when they are separated from their parent?

A

Shows distress when primary caregiver leaves but resists contact on their return, shows anxiety and insecurity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ainsworth: what can disrupted attachment cause?

A 
Anxiety
Difficulty in forming relationships
Learning disorders
Delinquency
Depressive disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gesell: what does Gesell’s theory explain?

A

Gesell’s theory of maturation helps to explain how biological maturation is related to overall development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gesell: what was the beliefs based on Gesell’s theory?

A
  • Development is genetically determined from birth a biological process
  • Children follow the same orderly sequence in their development
  • The place of development may vary depending on physical and intellectual development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gesell: what is a child’s personality a product of?

A

The child’s personality is a product of slow gradual growth, their nervous system matures by stages and natural sequences

22
Q

Gesell: is Gesell still influential in the understanding of child development?

A

Yes

23
Q

Gesell: how did Gesell come up with the theory?

A

Gesell observed the behaviours of many children from which he determined averages or “norms” which he called milestones of development. His milestones describe children’s physical, social and emotional development.

24
Q

Gesell: what are the positives of Gesell’s theory?

A
  • He determined typical norms of development that are still used today
  • He used advanced methodology in observations of behaviour of large numbers of children
25
Q

Gesell: what are the negatives of Gesell’s theory?

A
  • He did not consider the influence of individual or cultural differences in children.
  • He believed that the ‘norms’ of development he described were desirable
26
Q

Chomsky: what did Chomsky suggest with his theory?

A
  • humans are born with a structure in their brain that enables them to acquire language
  • humans have a critical period for first language development in the first years of life
  • humans all follow the same pattern of language development
  • humans have an innate understanding of the structure of language that is the basis for all language
27
Q

Chomsky: what is the LAD?

A

An LAD is the hypothetical part of the human mind that allows infants to acquire and produce language

28
Q

Chomsky: what were 4 criticisms of his theory?

A

1) Lack of scientific evidence of innate understanding of structure of language
2) The rate of language development is affected by the degree of interactions with others
3) Does not take into account that a language acquisition support system is required
4) Chomsky put emphasis on grammar in sentence development rather than meanings

29
Q

What is a social learning theory?

A

A social learning theory suggests that the way children behave is an interaction between personal and environmental factors

30
Q

Bandura: what is the theory based on?

A

Social learning theory is based on a belief that learning happens through observing, imitating and modelling the behaviours of others

31
Q

Bandura: what is the first principle of social learning?

A

Attention: learning takes place when a child focuses on their attention on a person who ‘models’ the behaviour. Children are more likely to imitate the behaviour of someone they identify with or admire.

32
Q

Bandura: what is the second principle of social learning?

A

Retention: what the child observes is retained in their memory to be used when an opportunity occurs.

33
Q

Bandura: what is the third principle of social learning?

A

Reproduction: what has been learned is reproduced or imitated. It may be rehearsed in the child’s mind first and then imitated later when there is an oppurtunity.

34
Q

Bandura: what is the fourth principle of social learning?

A

Motivation: children feel motivated because they anticipate intrinsic or extrinsic rewards (vicarious reinforcement). Children will be motivated to repeat or stop the behaviour depending on the extrinsic reinforcement.

35
Q

Bandura: what will positive reinforcement result in?

A

the behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction (intrinsic reinforcement) or rewards (extrinsic reinforcement)

36
Q

Bandura: what will negative reinforcement result in?

A

the behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction or being told off.

37
Q

Bandura: what is vicarious reinforcement?

A
  • children may be motivated because they see that the person or ‘model’ they observe is getting satisfaction or positive feedback
  • children may resist imitating the action because the model receives negative feedback from their action
38
Q

Bandura: explain the bobo doll experiment?

A

Children were shown adults being aggressive or non aggressive towards a Bobo doll. The aggressive adults were either rewarded, reprimanded or had no consequences for their behaviour.

39
Q

Bandura: what were the results of the Bobo doll experiment?

A
  • children would copy the aggressive behaviour of another person
  • the outcome for the adult impacted on the likelihood of children copying the behaviour
  • children learned aggressive behaviour through observation
  • children were more likely to imitate an adult who was rewarded for aggressive behaviour than one was reprimanded.
40
Q

Piaget: what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

1) Sensorimotor: birth - 2 years infants learn about their environment and develop early schemas by using their senses.
2) Pre-operational: 2 - 7 years children begin to control their environment by using symbolic behaviour, including representational words and drawings and pretend play, but they are not able to think logically yet
3) Concrete operations: 7 - 11 years children use practical resources to help them to understand the world such as counters in maths. They classify, categorise and use logic to understand things they see.
4) Formal operations: 11 - 18 years young people have capacity for abstract for abstract thought, rational thought and problem solving.

41
Q

Piaget: what are the criticisms of Piaget’s theory?

A

Believed that Piaget underestimated children’s development and that with support they can move more quickly to the next stage of development.

42
Q

Piaget: what is the order of the schematic development theory?

A

Assimilation: the child constructs an understanding or concept (schema)
Equilibrium: the child’s experience fits with their schema
Disequilibrium: a new experience disturbs the child’s schema
Accommodation: the child’s understanding (schema) changes to take account of the new experience

43
Q

Piaget: what does the schematic development theory explain?

A

This theory explains how children use their experiences to construct their understanding of the world around them.

44
Q

Piaget: what did Piaget believe about the way children think?

A

They believed that children thought differently to adults.

45
Q

Piaget: what did his tests on the way children think prove?

A

Children under 7 years old cannot conserve because they cannot think about more than one aspect of a situation at one time.
By the operational stage at 7 years old children can think logically so they understand that the quantity of water stays the same when poured into a differently shaped container.

46
Q

Piaget: what is conservation?

A

Conservation refers to children’s understanding that the amount remains the same even when the container’s shape has changed. Piaget also used tests using solids, weight and number.

47
Q

Piaget: how do children see things?

A

Piaget believed that up until the age of 7 years old children can only see things from their own perspective. This was known as the theory of egocentrism.

48
Q

What is the activity theory?

A

Individuals can achieve healthy ageing through continued social activity.

49
Q

What is the activity theory based on?

A
  • the social and psychological needs of individuals remain the same
  • people need activity and social interactions
  • individuals adjust to their declining health and mobility and/or strength
  • people continue to involve themselves in the community
50
Q

What is the social disengagement theory?

A

A reduction in social contact is natural in older age.

51
Q

What is the social disengagement theory based on?

A
  • people naturally withdraw from social contact older age
  • society withdraws from older people
  • people focus on their previous life and activities
  • family expects less from older people
  • older people become more dependent
  • ageing can result in tranquillity and be a positive development

BTEC Health and Social (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions