Theories Flashcards
Jung
Analytical psychology
Transactional analysis parts of the mind
Child, adult, parent
Thantos
Freudian concept; individuals demonstrating self destructive behavior ruled by this force
Free association
Analytic technique where client is instructed to say whatever comes to mind
Transference
Client treats therapist in similar manner as a previous individual
Countertransference
Redirection of therapist’s feelings towards client
Symptom substitution
If symptom (not the underlying problem) is addressed another symptom will occur to replace it
Eric Berne
Transactional analysis
Psychodynamic vs psychoanalytic therapy
Fewer sessions, uses analytic principles, and is face to face
Catharsis or abrecation
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions
Topographical theory
Freud’s model of the mind represented as an iceberg (conscious above water, preconscious, unconscious)
Interpretation
Helps client become aware of the unconscious
Parapraxis
Slips of the tongue, pathology of every day life
Ego defense mechanisms
Unconscious processes which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe Id or superego demands, protect self image. Tends to deny or distort reality
Repression
Ego defense mechanism, viewed as the most important. Individual truly forgets painful memory
Denial
Ego defense mechanism, suppression
Reaction formation
Ego defense mechanism, act opposite of how one feels
Projection
Ego defense mechanism, attribute own qualities to others
Displacement
Ego defense mechanism, divert energy on to safe target
Rationalization
Ego defense mechanism, making up reason or excuse for bruises ego
Sublimination
Ego defense mechanism, divert energy into other channels
Regression
Ego defense mechanism, go back to earlier development phase with fewer demands
Introjection
Ego defense mechanism, taking in values of others
Identification
Ego defense mechanism, associating self with something successful
Compensation
Ego defense mechanism, overdevelop a trait to make up for limitation
Kohler
Experiments on monkeys that found insight - client becomes aware of a factor in his/her life that was previously unknown
Psyche
Total human mind including the unconscious and conscious
Logos
Men’s mind operation, based on logic
Eros
Women’s mind operation, based on intuition
Introversion
Turning in of libido. Self brings pleasure
Extroversion
Finding pleasure in external factors
Collective unconscious
Jung’s concept. Common to all men and women, deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of humanity made up of archetypes
Archetypes
Universal experiences or symbols that mean something to everyone (includes persona, ego, shadow, anima/animus, & self)
Depth psychology
Assumes something is wrong below the level of awareness
Individuation
Harmonious integration of unconscious and conscious where one learns to accept shadow
Persona
Mask or face presented to outside world
Ego
Center of consciousness, but is influenced by unconscious
Shadow
Qualities we wish to keep out of sight, forced out of awareness
Anima/animus
Equally exists in both genders. Female & male qualities.
Self
Totality of entire psyche, created via individuation
Adler
Individual psychology
Social connectedness
Goal of individual psychology, desire to belong
Paradoxical techniques
Intentionally exaggerate behavior to address problem
Confrontation
Individual psychology technique. Pointing out discrepancy between behavior and emotion or behavior and intention.
Frederick Thorne
Believed in incorporating the best of each theory in a scientific matter
Associationism
Ideas held together by associations, John Locke
Skinner
Behavior modification, operant conditioning
Law of effect
Thorndike. Reinforcement theory based on this idea.
States that responses associated with pleasure will be repeated.
Positive reinforcement
Adding something of value to reinforce
Negative reinforcement
Exhibit a behavior to avoid aversive stimuli, reinforcing behavior
Positive punishment
Stimulus added, behavior decreases
Negative punishment
Stimulus removed, behavior decreases
Pavlov
Behavior therapy, classical conditioning
Conditioned behavior
Learned behavior
Unconditioned behavior
A behavior that is not learn, is natural
Respondent behavior
natural reflexes
Higher order conditioning
Replace a conditioned stimulus with another conditioned stimulus
Forward conditioning
Conditioned stimulus before unconditioned stimulus
Delay conditioning
CS delayed until US occurs
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that causes a natural response (i.e. food causes the salivation)
Stimulus generalization
Irradiation
Second-order conditioning
Stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus produces the same reaction
Experimental neurosis
Stimuli become difficult to differentiate
Chaining
Sequence of behaviors in operant conditioning joined together by reinforcers
Baseline
Frequency of a behavior prior to treatment
Joseph Wolpe
Systematic desensitization
Systematic desensitization
Imagining increasingly anxiety arousing situations while engaging in behaviors to compete with anxiety (based on Pavlov)
Subjective units of distress scale
Used to form hierarchy for Systematic desensitization
Neal Miller
Studied rats and found autonomic processes can be controlled
Concreteness
Asks a question in attempt to eliminate vagueness
Directive
A suggestion
Paradigm
Model
Active therapy
Directive therapy where therapist provides direct suggestions
Premack principle
States an efficient reinforcer is what a person likes to do. Take a lower probability behavior and reinforce with a higher probability behavior
Intermittent reinforcing
Thinning
Partial reinforcement
Skinner. Behavior not reinforced every time, only during intervals or ratios.
Ratio reinforcement
Reinforce based on # of responses
Interval reinforcement
Reinforce based on time elapsed
Process of systematic desensitization
1) Relaxation training
2) Construction of anxiety hierarchy
3) Desensitization in imagination (interposition)
4) In vivo desensitization
In vivo
Direct exposure
Covert sensitization
Imagine bad stimulus causing negative effective (i.e; alcohol=nausea) , then imagine desired stimulus causing a positive effective (water=relief)
Implosive therapy
Relies on imagination to expose individual to feared stimulus (Stampfl)
Flooding
Genuine exposure to feared stimulus
Frankl
Logo therapy (based on existentialism)
Albert Ellis
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
REBT
assumes client’s emotional disturbance is some result of irrational thoughts and ideas
Meichenbaum
Cognitive restructuring & stress innoculation
cognitive restructuring
learning to use new internal dialogue
Aaron Beck
cognitive therapy
Logotherapy
Frankl; Healing through meaning.
Vertical relationship
Counselor viewed as a superior
Horizontal relationship
“I-Thou” relationship, counselor viewed as equal (used in existentialism)
Yalom & May
Contributed to existential therapy
Worlds of existentialism
Umwelt, Mitwelt, eigenwelt
Umwelt
physical world of existentialism
Mitwelt
relationship world of existentialism
Eigenwelt
identity world of existentialism
Phenomenology
Client’s internal personal experiences of events
Ontology
Philosophy of being & existing
William Glasser
Reality therapy
BCP
Abbreviation used in reality therapy which asserts that perception controls our behavior
Reality therapy
Belief that underlying problems are related to relationships
