Social & cultural diversity Flashcards
Cross-cultural counseling/Multicultural counseling
Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background
Culture
Customs , values, attitudes, beliefs, language, etc. shared by a group.
Cultural conflict
Experience of conflict due to belonging to 2 cultures OR difficulties of 2 cultures in same area
Macroculture
The majority or dominant culture
Cultural relativity
Something that may only reassessed as good/bad in context of a given culture
Albert Bandura
Social learning theory/observational learning theory
Observational learning theory
Stated that children learn through observation
Leon Festinger
Interpersonal attraction factors, theory of social comparison, & cognitive dissonance theory
Interpersonal attraction factors
Close proximity
Physical attraction
Similar beliefs
Propinquity
Tendency for individuals in close proximity to be attracted to each other
Daniel Levinson
Theory of adult development, idea of midlife crisis, & stage-crisis view
Theory of adult development
Early adult transition Entering adult world Age 30 transition Settling down Mid-life transition Entering middle adulthood
Stable period
person makes crucial life choices
Transitional period
End of one stage and beginning of next stage
Contextualism
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Dollard & Miller
Frustration-aggression theory
Cognitive dissonance theory/balance theory
Festinger. People strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems. Attempt to reduce/eliminate inconsistent beliefs and move towards consistency.
Mores
Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior, which is decided by a group. Generally more severe.
Clemont Vontress
Created ideas about multicultural counseling
Universal culture/human culture
Needs across all cultures such as food,water, etc.
Ecological culture
Norms developed for practical and survival behavior related to climate or resources
National culture
Official language, stated view, and central government of country
Holophrases
1-2 word sentences spoken around the age of 1
Emory Bogardus
Social distance scale, which measured how individual felt towards other ethnic groups
“Foot in the Door” technique
Asking for a small favor and then asking for a bigger favor
“Door in the face” technique
Asking for a large favor and then asking for smaller more reasonable request
Society
Self-perpetuating group which occupies a definitive territory
Ethnocentrism
use own culture’s view as a standard of reference, view own culture as superior
Acculturation
Ethnic and racial minorities integrate/adopt culture beliefs and customs from majority of dominant culture
Assimilation
A high level of acculturation where the individual becomes part of the majority culture
Modal personality
typical personality of a group
Terminal decline
dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning that occurs in the last 5 years of life
Cognitive dissonance
Person looks for things consistent with his or her behavior and dismisses ideas inconsistent with the behavior
Carl Rogers
Believed person-centered therapy to be a good model for cross cultural counseling
Therapeutic surrender
Person develops enough trust to “surrender” to the counselor despite being from another culture
Assimilation-contrast theory
A client will perceive a counselor’s statements somewhat like his or her own beliefs as more similar/perceive dissimilar as more dissimilar
Connotation
emotional content of a word, which is different from the dictionary term
Emic
Insiders perception of a culture. Used by multicultural counselors to acknowledge unique differences
Etic
View that all humans are equal, belief that the same theory can be applied to all cultures
Alloplastic
Coping is best achieved by changing external factor
Autoplastic
Change comes from within
Personalism
All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands. Counselor should view person as someone who learned a set of survival skills rather than a “diseased” patient
Pluralism
Person retains traditions and differences yet cooperate in new culture
Social facilitation (Allport)
Individuals increase memory performance in a group even without interaction
Sleeper effect
After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
McDougall & Ross
Hormic psychology (behavior is typically goal-oriented)
Stanley Schacter
Stated that firstborns and only children feel need to affiliate with others
Kurt Lewin
Conflict theory which resulted in frustrations (3 types of conflict: approach-approach, approach-avoidance, avoidance-avoidance)
Approach-approach conflict
Presented with 2 attractive options
Approach-avoidance conflict
Something with a positive and negative factor
Avoidance-avoidance
2 negative options
Melting pot concept
Inaccurate concept which states different cultures assimilate into the dominant culture
Salad bowl model
People mix but retain unique identity
Robbers Cave Experiment
2 groups that were originally hostile towards each other are given a goal that required cooperation. Resulted in decreased competition.
Caste system
implies fixed layers of superiority in society
Theory of social comparison
People need to compare self to others in order to assess own abilities. Tendency to compare self to those like us.
