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Developmental Psychological PS 323-3 > Theories > Flashcards

Theories Flashcards

1
Q

give the six major theoretical perspectives in lifespan development

A 
psychodynamic
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
contextual
evolutionary
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2
Q

psychodynamic perspective focuses on?

A

focuses on the inner person

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3
Q

sigmund freud and erik erikson are known for what theoretical perspective?

A

psychodynamic

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4
Q

sigmund freud had his own theory called?

A

psychoanalytic theory

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5
Q

psychoanalytic theory (sigmund freud) suggested what?

A

suggested that unconscious forces act to determine personality & behavior

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6
Q

to sigmund freud what did he consider is a part of the personality about which a person is unaware?

A

unconscious

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7
Q

what did sigmund freud believe/suggested about our unconscious?

A

he suggested that the unconscious is responsible for a good part of our everyday behavior.

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8
Q

everyones personality (sigmund freud) included 3 aspects, name them & what they represented

A

id: raw, unorganized inborn part of personality that is present at birth (represents drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses (pleasure principle)
ego: rational part, buffer b/t real world and id (reality principle)
superego: conscience, incorporating distinctions b/t right and wrong. develops around 5/6, learned from parents, teachers and others

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9
Q

sigmund freud developed the psychoanalytical and what other theory?

A

psychosexual development

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10
Q

psychosexual development who invented it and what does it mean

A

sigmund freud; occurs as children pass through a series of stages in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part.

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11
Q

sigmund freud in his psychosexual development theory suggested pleasure started and went through?

A

pleasure shifts from the mouth (oral stage), to the anus (anal stage) and finally to genitals (the phallic stage and the genital stage)

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12
Q

sigmund stated that if too much gratification occurred in the psychosexual development theory, what would occur?

A

fixation

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13
Q

what is the behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to an unresolved conflict?

A

fixation

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14
Q

provided an alternative psychodynamic view of his theory of psychosocial development.

A

erik erikson

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15
Q

whose view included both society and culture challenge that shaped us?

A

eirk erikson

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16
Q

the development that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society.

A

psychosocial development

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17
Q

eriksons theory suggests that developmental change occurs throughout what?

A

occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages.

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18
Q

describe the stages in eriksons psychosocial theory

A

stages emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people.

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19
Q

erikson’s theory had argue what about each stage?

A

that each stage presented a crisis or conflict that the individual must resolve

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20
Q

adolescence/?

lifespan development/?

A

adolescence/freud

lifespan development/erikson

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21
Q

who focused more (theoretical perspectives) on relationships?

A

Erik Erikson’s

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22
Q

a theorist who thought each stage in life is going to be met with a crisis/challenge/conflict & you must overcome each crisis/challenge to be able to advance

A

erik erikson

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23
Q

theoretical perspective that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

A

behavioral perspective

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24
Q

theoretical perspective that: reflects the view that nurture is more important to development than nature.

A

behavioral perspective

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25
Q

theory that says people are affected by the environment stimuli to which they happen to be exposed.

A

behavioral perspective

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26
Q

since behavior perspective theory hold that advances in px-solving capabilities as children age are largely a result of greater mental capacities, rather than changes in the kind of thinking that children are able to bring to bear on a px, behavior perspective is viewed as (quantitative or qualitative?)

A

quantitative

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27
Q

the theorist who believed strongly that we could gain a full understanding of development by carefully studying the stimuli that composed the environment

A

John B. Watson

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28
Q

argued that by effectively controlling a persons environment, it was possible to produce virtually any behavior

A

John B. Watson

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29
Q

the 2 conditioning in behavior perspective theory

A

classical and operant conditioning

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30
Q

type of conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not evoke that type of response

A

classical conditioning

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31
Q

type of conditioning that is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.

A

operant conditioning

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32
Q

operant condition is different from classical conditioning why?

A

operant conditioning: the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful rather than automatic

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33
Q

who formulated and championed the operant conditioning?

A

psychologist B.F. Skinner

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34
Q

Whether or not children and adults will seek to repeat a behavior depends on whether it is followed by what?

A

reinforcement

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35
Q

what is the process by which a stimulus is provided that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

A

reinforcement

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36
Q

the introduction of an unpleasant or a painful stimulus or the removal of a desirable stimulus will decrease the probability that a preceding behavioral will occur in the future.

A

punishment

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37
Q

principles of operant conditioning are used in what?

A

behavior modification

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38
Q

what is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones?

A

behavior modification

39
Q

the theory: an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person (model)

A

social-cognitive learning theory

40
Q

the theoretical perspective that is learned primarily through observation and not through trial and error like in operant conditioning

A

social-cognitive learning theory

41
Q

person who came up with the social-cognitive learning theory:

A

Albert Bandura

42
Q

four steps in the social-cognitive learning theory

A

attention
retention
reproduction
reinforcement

43
Q

theoretical perspective the focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world

A

cognitive perspective

44
Q

what does the cognitive perspective theory emphasize?

A

it emphasizes how people internally represent and think about the world.

45
Q

using cognitive perspective, developmental researchers hope to understand how children and adults do what?

A

how they process information and how their ways of thinking and understanding affect their behavior

46
Q

known for the cognitive theory

A

jean Piaget

47
Q

what did jean piaget propose (cognitive theory)

A

that all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development

48
Q

suggested that not only does the quantity of information increase in each stage, but the quality of knowledge and understanding changes as well

A

Jean Piaget

49
Q

Piaget suggested that human thinking is arranged into?

A

schemes

50
Q

what are organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions

A

schemes

51
Q

known as the father of child psychology

A

Jean Piaget

52
Q

piaget suggested that the growth in children’s understanding of the world can be explained by the two basic principles, what are they?

A

assimilation and accomodation

53
Q

what is assimilation

A

the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

54
Q

when does assimilation occur?

A

occurs when people use their current ways of thinking about and understanding the world to perceive and understand a new experience

55
Q

what is accommodation?

A

refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

56
Q

which of the two did Jean Piaget think was necessary to change your way of thinking?

A

accomodation

57
Q

what kind of processing approaches have become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?

A

Information Processing

58
Q

define information processing approaches

A

approaches to cognitive development seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information.

59
Q

pianist view that thinking undergoes what kind of advances (qualitative or quantitative?)

A

qualitative

60
Q

information processing approaches assume that development is marked more by what kind of advances (qualitative or quantitative?)

A

quantitative advances

61
Q

an information processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as what?

A

neo-Piagetian theory

62
Q

Neo-Piagetian theory suggest what?

A

suggest that cognitive development proceeds quickly in certain areas and more slowly in others.

63
Q

true/false
information processing approach suggest that as we age, we are better able to control the nature of processing and that we can change the strategies we use to process information.

A

true

64
Q

name the most recent addition to the array of approaches taken by lifespan developmentalists in the cognitive theory pespective

A

cognitive neuroscient approaches

65
Q

what do cognitive neuroscience approaches consider?

A

considers internal, mental processes, but they focus specifically on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and other cognitive behavior

66
Q

“brain mapping” matches up with what theory?

A

cognitive neuroscience approaches

67
Q

autism (cognitive neuroscience approaches) meaning

A

a major developmental disability that can produce profound language deficits and self-injurious behavior in young children

68
Q

autism characteristics in children during the first year of life

A

neuroscientists have found that the brains of children with the disorder show explosive, dramatic growth in the first year of life, making their heads significantly larger than those of children without the disorder.

69
Q

cognitive neuroscience approaches are also on the forefront of cutting-edge research that has identified _____ _____ associated with disorders ranging from physical px such as BRCA to schizophrenia

A

specific genes

70
Q

define cognitive neuroscience approaches

A

approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes.

71
Q

theory perspective that (behavior chosen through free will)

A

humanistic perspective

72
Q

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are associated with what theory perspective?

A

Humanistic perspective

73
Q

Carl R. and Abraham Maslow believed what?

A

believed that people have capacity to control behavior and make decisions not with environmental/cognition

74
Q

Self-actualization is associated with what theory perspective?

A

humanistic perspective

75
Q

self actualization definition

A

individuals nature capacity to strive to reach full potential

76
Q

the approach that each individual has the ability and motivation to reach more advanced levels of maturity, and people naturally seek to reach their full potential

A

humanistic perspective

77
Q

what does the humanistic perspective emphasize?

A

emphasizes free will, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives

78
Q

the state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way.

A

self-actualization

79
Q

contextual perspective includes two major theories

A

bronfenbrenner’s bioecological and vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

80
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner developed an alternative perspective called what?

A

called the bioecological approach

81
Q

what does the bioecological approach suggest?

A

suggests that five levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals

82
Q

microsystem includes?

A

homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers

83
Q

mesosystem is described as the _____

A

links/chains

84
Q

exosystem represents

A

broader influences encompassing societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media.

85
Q

contextual perspective can also be called

A

multicontextual

86
Q

contextual perspective considers

A

considers relationships b/t individuals & their physical, cognitive, personality & social worlds

87
Q

macrosystem represents

A

larger cultural influences on an individual. governmental (type) you grew up in, politics, religious, encompassing factors are parts of the macrosystem

88
Q

define bioecological perspective

A

the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals

89
Q

chronosystem

A

way that the passage of time (including historical events) & more gradual historical events affects childs development

90
Q

under contextual perspective, what was the theory that emphasized how cognitive development occurs b/t members of the same culture

A

sociocultural theory

91
Q

by who was the sociocultural theory invented?

A

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

92
Q

the theory that said children will understand the world through px-solving interactions with adults & children. Importance of culture & social interaction

A

sociocultural theory

93
Q

theory that says behavior is based on genetic inheritance

A

evolutionary perspective

Developmental Psychological PS 323-3 (9 decks)

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