Theories Flashcards
give the six major theoretical perspectives in lifespan development
psychodynamic behavioral cognitive humanistic contextual evolutionary
psychodynamic perspective focuses on?
focuses on the inner person
sigmund freud and erik erikson are known for what theoretical perspective?
psychodynamic
sigmund freud had his own theory called?
psychoanalytic theory
psychoanalytic theory (sigmund freud) suggested what?
suggested that unconscious forces act to determine personality & behavior
to sigmund freud what did he consider is a part of the personality about which a person is unaware?
unconscious
what did sigmund freud believe/suggested about our unconscious?
he suggested that the unconscious is responsible for a good part of our everyday behavior.
everyones personality (sigmund freud) included 3 aspects, name them & what they represented
id: raw, unorganized inborn part of personality that is present at birth (represents drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses (pleasure principle)
ego: rational part, buffer b/t real world and id (reality principle)
superego: conscience, incorporating distinctions b/t right and wrong. develops around 5/6, learned from parents, teachers and others
sigmund freud developed the psychoanalytical and what other theory?
psychosexual development
psychosexual development who invented it and what does it mean
sigmund freud; occurs as children pass through a series of stages in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part.
sigmund freud in his psychosexual development theory suggested pleasure started and went through?
pleasure shifts from the mouth (oral stage), to the anus (anal stage) and finally to genitals (the phallic stage and the genital stage)
sigmund stated that if too much gratification occurred in the psychosexual development theory, what would occur?
fixation
what is the behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to an unresolved conflict?
fixation
provided an alternative psychodynamic view of his theory of psychosocial development.
erik erikson
whose view included both society and culture challenge that shaped us?
eirk erikson
the development that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society.
psychosocial development
eriksons theory suggests that developmental change occurs throughout what?
occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages.
describe the stages in eriksons psychosocial theory
stages emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people.
erikson’s theory had argue what about each stage?
that each stage presented a crisis or conflict that the individual must resolve
adolescence/?
lifespan development/?
adolescence/freud
lifespan development/erikson
who focused more (theoretical perspectives) on relationships?
Erik Erikson’s
a theorist who thought each stage in life is going to be met with a crisis/challenge/conflict & you must overcome each crisis/challenge to be able to advance
erik erikson
theoretical perspective that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
behavioral perspective
theoretical perspective that: reflects the view that nurture is more important to development than nature.
behavioral perspective
theory that says people are affected by the environment stimuli to which they happen to be exposed.
behavioral perspective
since behavior perspective theory hold that advances in px-solving capabilities as children age are largely a result of greater mental capacities, rather than changes in the kind of thinking that children are able to bring to bear on a px, behavior perspective is viewed as (quantitative or qualitative?)
quantitative
the theorist who believed strongly that we could gain a full understanding of development by carefully studying the stimuli that composed the environment
John B. Watson
argued that by effectively controlling a persons environment, it was possible to produce virtually any behavior
John B. Watson
the 2 conditioning in behavior perspective theory
classical and operant conditioning
type of conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not evoke that type of response
classical conditioning
type of conditioning that is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.
operant conditioning
operant condition is different from classical conditioning why?
operant conditioning: the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful rather than automatic
who formulated and championed the operant conditioning?
psychologist B.F. Skinner
Whether or not children and adults will seek to repeat a behavior depends on whether it is followed by what?
reinforcement
what is the process by which a stimulus is provided that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
reinforcement
the introduction of an unpleasant or a painful stimulus or the removal of a desirable stimulus will decrease the probability that a preceding behavioral will occur in the future.
punishment
principles of operant conditioning are used in what?
behavior modification
what is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones?
behavior modification
the theory: an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person (model)
social-cognitive learning theory
the theoretical perspective that is learned primarily through observation and not through trial and error like in operant conditioning
social-cognitive learning theory
person who came up with the social-cognitive learning theory:
Albert Bandura
four steps in the social-cognitive learning theory
attention
retention
reproduction
reinforcement
theoretical perspective the focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world
cognitive perspective
what does the cognitive perspective theory emphasize?
it emphasizes how people internally represent and think about the world.
using cognitive perspective, developmental researchers hope to understand how children and adults do what?
how they process information and how their ways of thinking and understanding affect their behavior
known for the cognitive theory
jean Piaget
what did jean piaget propose (cognitive theory)
that all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development
suggested that not only does the quantity of information increase in each stage, but the quality of knowledge and understanding changes as well
Jean Piaget
Piaget suggested that human thinking is arranged into?
schemes
what are organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions
schemes
known as the father of child psychology
Jean Piaget
piaget suggested that the growth in children’s understanding of the world can be explained by the two basic principles, what are they?
assimilation and accomodation
what is assimilation
the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
when does assimilation occur?
occurs when people use their current ways of thinking about and understanding the world to perceive and understand a new experience
what is accommodation?
refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.
which of the two did Jean Piaget think was necessary to change your way of thinking?
accomodation
what kind of processing approaches have become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?
Information Processing
define information processing approaches
approaches to cognitive development seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information.
pianist view that thinking undergoes what kind of advances (qualitative or quantitative?)
qualitative
information processing approaches assume that development is marked more by what kind of advances (qualitative or quantitative?)
quantitative advances
an information processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as what?
neo-Piagetian theory
Neo-Piagetian theory suggest what?
suggest that cognitive development proceeds quickly in certain areas and more slowly in others.
true/false
information processing approach suggest that as we age, we are better able to control the nature of processing and that we can change the strategies we use to process information.
true
name the most recent addition to the array of approaches taken by lifespan developmentalists in the cognitive theory pespective
cognitive neuroscient approaches
what do cognitive neuroscience approaches consider?
considers internal, mental processes, but they focus specifically on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and other cognitive behavior
“brain mapping” matches up with what theory?
cognitive neuroscience approaches
autism (cognitive neuroscience approaches) meaning
a major developmental disability that can produce profound language deficits and self-injurious behavior in young children
autism characteristics in children during the first year of life
neuroscientists have found that the brains of children with the disorder show explosive, dramatic growth in the first year of life, making their heads significantly larger than those of children without the disorder.
cognitive neuroscience approaches are also on the forefront of cutting-edge research that has identified _____ _____ associated with disorders ranging from physical px such as BRCA to schizophrenia
specific genes
define cognitive neuroscience approaches
approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes.
theory perspective that (behavior chosen through free will)
humanistic perspective
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are associated with what theory perspective?
Humanistic perspective
Carl R. and Abraham Maslow believed what?
believed that people have capacity to control behavior and make decisions not with environmental/cognition
Self-actualization is associated with what theory perspective?
humanistic perspective
self actualization definition
individuals nature capacity to strive to reach full potential
the approach that each individual has the ability and motivation to reach more advanced levels of maturity, and people naturally seek to reach their full potential
humanistic perspective
what does the humanistic perspective emphasize?
emphasizes free will, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives
the state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way.
self-actualization
contextual perspective includes two major theories
bronfenbrenner’s bioecological and vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner developed an alternative perspective called what?
called the bioecological approach
what does the bioecological approach suggest?
suggests that five levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
microsystem includes?
homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers
mesosystem is described as the _____
links/chains
exosystem represents
broader influences encompassing societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media.
contextual perspective can also be called
multicontextual
contextual perspective considers
considers relationships b/t individuals & their physical, cognitive, personality & social worlds
macrosystem represents
larger cultural influences on an individual. governmental (type) you grew up in, politics, religious, encompassing factors are parts of the macrosystem
define bioecological perspective
the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
chronosystem
way that the passage of time (including historical events) & more gradual historical events affects childs development
under contextual perspective, what was the theory that emphasized how cognitive development occurs b/t members of the same culture
sociocultural theory
by who was the sociocultural theory invented?
Lev Semenovich Vygotsky
the theory that said children will understand the world through px-solving interactions with adults & children. Importance of culture & social interaction
sociocultural theory
theory that says behavior is based on genetic inheritance
evolutionary perspective
