Theories

Question 1

give the six major theoretical perspectives in lifespan development

Answer 1

psychodynamic
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
contextual
evolutionary

Question 2

psychodynamic perspective focuses on?

Answer 2

focuses on the inner person

Question 3

sigmund freud and erik erikson are known for what theoretical perspective?

Answer 3

psychodynamic

Question 4

sigmund freud had his own theory called?

Answer 4

psychoanalytic theory

Question 5

psychoanalytic theory (sigmund freud) suggested what?

Answer 5

suggested that unconscious forces act to determine personality & behavior

Question 6

to sigmund freud what did he consider is a part of the personality about which a person is unaware?

Answer 6

unconscious

Question 7

what did sigmund freud believe/suggested about our unconscious?

Answer 7

he suggested that the unconscious is responsible for a good part of our everyday behavior.

Question 8

everyones personality (sigmund freud) included 3 aspects, name them & what they represented

Answer 8

id: raw, unorganized inborn part of personality that is present at birth (represents drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses (pleasure principle)
ego: rational part, buffer b/t real world and id (reality principle)
superego: conscience, incorporating distinctions b/t right and wrong. develops around 5/6, learned from parents, teachers and others

Question 9

sigmund freud developed the psychoanalytical and what other theory?

Answer 9

psychosexual development

Question 10

psychosexual development who invented it and what does it mean

Answer 10

sigmund freud; occurs as children pass through a series of stages in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part.

Question 11

sigmund freud in his psychosexual development theory suggested pleasure started and went through?

Answer 11

pleasure shifts from the mouth (oral stage), to the anus (anal stage) and finally to genitals (the phallic stage and the genital stage)

Question 12

sigmund stated that if too much gratification occurred in the psychosexual development theory, what would occur?

Answer 12

fixation

Question 13

what is the behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to an unresolved conflict?

Answer 13

fixation

Question 14

provided an alternative psychodynamic view of his theory of psychosocial development.

Answer 14

erik erikson

Question 15

whose view included both society and culture challenge that shaped us?

Answer 15

eirk erikson

Question 16

the development that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society.

Answer 16

psychosocial development

Question 17

eriksons theory suggests that developmental change occurs throughout what?

Answer 17

occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages.

Question 18

describe the stages in eriksons psychosocial theory

Answer 18

stages emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people.

Question 19

erikson’s theory had argue what about each stage?

Answer 19

that each stage presented a crisis or conflict that the individual must resolve

Question 20

adolescence/?

lifespan development/?

Answer 20

adolescence/freud

lifespan development/erikson

Question 21

who focused more (theoretical perspectives) on relationships?

Answer 21

Erik Erikson’s

Question 22

a theorist who thought each stage in life is going to be met with a crisis/challenge/conflict & you must overcome each crisis/challenge to be able to advance

Answer 22

erik erikson

Question 23

theoretical perspective that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

Answer 23

behavioral perspective

Question 24

theoretical perspective that: reflects the view that nurture is more important to development than nature.

Answer 24

behavioral perspective

Question 25

theory that says people are affected by the environment stimuli to which they happen to be exposed.

Answer 25

behavioral perspective

Question 26

since behavior perspective theory hold that advances in px-solving capabilities as children age are largely a result of greater mental capacities, rather than changes in the kind of thinking that children are able to bring to bear on a px, behavior perspective is viewed as (quantitative or qualitative?)

Answer 26

quantitative

Question 27

the theorist who believed strongly that we could gain a full understanding of development by carefully studying the stimuli that composed the environment

Answer 27

John B. Watson

Question 28

argued that by effectively controlling a persons environment, it was possible to produce virtually any behavior

Answer 28

John B. Watson

Question 29

the 2 conditioning in behavior perspective theory

Answer 29

classical and operant conditioning

Question 30

type of conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not evoke that type of response

Answer 30

classical conditioning

Question 31

type of conditioning that is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.

Answer 31

operant conditioning

Question 32

operant condition is different from classical conditioning why?

Answer 32

operant conditioning: the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful rather than automatic

Question 33

who formulated and championed the operant conditioning?

Answer 33

psychologist B.F. Skinner

Question 34

Whether or not children and adults will seek to repeat a behavior depends on whether it is followed by what?

Answer 34

reinforcement

Question 35

what is the process by which a stimulus is provided that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

Answer 35

reinforcement

Question 36

the introduction of an unpleasant or a painful stimulus or the removal of a desirable stimulus will decrease the probability that a preceding behavioral will occur in the future.

Answer 36

punishment

Question 37

principles of operant conditioning are used in what?

Answer 37

behavior modification

Question 38

what is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones?

Answer 38

behavior modification

Question 39

the theory: an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person (model)

Answer 39

social-cognitive learning theory

Question 40

the theoretical perspective that is learned primarily through observation and not through trial and error like in operant conditioning

Answer 40

social-cognitive learning theory

Question 41

person who came up with the social-cognitive learning theory:

Answer 41

Albert Bandura

Question 42

four steps in the social-cognitive learning theory

Answer 42

attention retention reproduction reinforcement

Question 43

theoretical perspective the focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world

Answer 43

cognitive perspective

Question 44

what does the cognitive perspective theory emphasize?

Answer 44

it emphasizes how people internally represent and think about the world.

Question 45

using cognitive perspective, developmental researchers hope to understand how children and adults do what?

Answer 45

how they process information and how their ways of thinking and understanding affect their behavior

Question 46

known for the cognitive theory

Answer 46

jean Piaget

Question 47

what did jean piaget propose (cognitive theory)

Answer 47

that all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development

Question 48

suggested that not only does the quantity of information increase in each stage, but the quality of knowledge and understanding changes as well

Answer 48

Jean Piaget

Question 49

Piaget suggested that human thinking is arranged into?

Answer 49

schemes

Question 50

what are organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions

Answer 50

schemes

Question 51

known as the father of child psychology

Answer 51

Jean Piaget

Question 52

piaget suggested that the growth in children's understanding of the world can be explained by the two basic principles, what are they?

Answer 52

assimilation and accomodation

Question 53

what is assimilation

Answer 53

the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

Question 54

when does assimilation occur?

Answer 54

occurs when people use their current ways of thinking about and understanding the world to perceive and understand a new experience

Question 55

what is accommodation?

Answer 55

refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

Question 56

which of the two did Jean Piaget think was necessary to change your way of thinking?

Answer 56

accomodation

Question 57

what kind of processing approaches have become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?

Answer 57

Information Processing

Question 58

define information processing approaches

Answer 58

approaches to cognitive development seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information.

Question 59

pianist view that thinking undergoes what kind of advances (qualitative or quantitative?)

Answer 59

qualitative

Question 60

information processing approaches assume that development is marked more by what kind of advances (qualitative or quantitative?)

Answer 60

quantitative advances

Question 61

an information processing approach that builds on Piaget's research is known as what?

Answer 61

neo-Piagetian theory

Question 62

Neo-Piagetian theory suggest what?

Answer 62

suggest that cognitive development proceeds quickly in certain areas and more slowly in others.

Question 63

true/false information processing approach suggest that as we age, we are better able to control the nature of processing and that we can change the strategies we use to process information.

Answer 63

true

Question 64

name the most recent addition to the array of approaches taken by lifespan developmentalists in the cognitive theory pespective

Answer 64

cognitive neuroscient approaches

Question 65

what do cognitive neuroscience approaches consider?

Answer 65

considers internal, mental processes, but they focus specifically on the neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, and other cognitive behavior

Question 66

"brain mapping" matches up with what theory?

Answer 66

cognitive neuroscience approaches

Question 67

autism (cognitive neuroscience approaches) meaning

Answer 67

a major developmental disability that can produce profound language deficits and self-injurious behavior in young children

Question 68

autism characteristics in children during the first year of life

Answer 68

neuroscientists have found that the brains of children with the disorder show explosive, dramatic growth in the first year of life, making their heads significantly larger than those of children without the disorder.

Question 69

cognitive neuroscience approaches are also on the forefront of cutting-edge research that has identified _____ _____ associated with disorders ranging from physical px such as BRCA to schizophrenia

Answer 69

specific genes

Question 70

define cognitive neuroscience approaches

Answer 70

approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes.

Question 71

theory perspective that (behavior chosen through free will)

Answer 71

humanistic perspective

Question 72

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are associated with what theory perspective?

Answer 72

Humanistic perspective

Question 73

Carl R. and Abraham Maslow believed what?

Answer 73

believed that people have capacity to control behavior and make decisions not with environmental/cognition

Question 74

Self-actualization is associated with what theory perspective?

Answer 74

humanistic perspective

Question 75

self actualization definition

Answer 75

individuals nature capacity to strive to reach full potential

Question 76

the approach that each individual has the ability and motivation to reach more advanced levels of maturity, and people naturally seek to reach their full potential

Answer 76

humanistic perspective

Question 77

what does the humanistic perspective emphasize?

Answer 77

emphasizes free will, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives

Question 78

the state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way.

Answer 78

self-actualization

Question 79

contextual perspective includes two major theories

Answer 79

bronfenbrenner's bioecological and vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Question 80

Urie Bronfenbrenner developed an alternative perspective called what?

Answer 80

called the bioecological approach

Question 81

what does the bioecological approach suggest?

Answer 81

suggests that five levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals

Question 82

microsystem includes?

Answer 82

homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers

Question 83

mesosystem is described as the _____

Answer 83

links/chains

Question 84

exosystem represents

Answer 84

broader influences encompassing societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media.

Question 85

contextual perspective can also be called

Answer 85

multicontextual

Question 86

contextual perspective considers

Answer 86

considers relationships b/t individuals & their physical, cognitive, personality & social worlds

Question 87

macrosystem represents

Answer 87

larger cultural influences on an individual. governmental (type) you grew up in, politics, religious, encompassing factors are parts of the macrosystem

Question 88

define bioecological perspective

Answer 88

the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals

Question 89

chronosystem

Answer 89

way that the passage of time (including historical events) & more gradual historical events affects childs development

Question 90

under contextual perspective, what was the theory that emphasized how cognitive development occurs b/t members of the same culture

Answer 90

sociocultural theory

Question 91

by who was the sociocultural theory invented?

Answer 91

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

Question 92

the theory that said children will understand the world through px-solving interactions with adults & children. Importance of culture & social interaction

Answer 92

sociocultural theory

Question 93

theory that says behavior is based on genetic inheritance

Answer 93

evolutionary perspective