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Developmental Psychological PS 323-3 > Abnormalities > Flashcards

Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

A delay in gross motor skills during the Denver II test is indicative of what abnormality?

A

Cerebral Palsy

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2
Q

The abnormality that includes non-progressive lesions in the brains motor system?

A

Cerebral Palsy

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3
Q

impaired movements abnormality

A

cerebral palsy

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4
Q

Cerebral palsy delays what part of development and produces what kind of abnormal performance?

A

delays gross motor development and abnormal motor performance

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5
Q

Abnormal postures such as when prone: arms & legs under the body and when supine: scissoring of the legs are observed in which abnormality?

A

cerebral palsy

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6
Q

Cerebral palsy affects what two areas of the mouth?

A

poor sucking and continue to tongue thrust

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7
Q

name 5 abnormals related to the body with cerebral palsy

A 
no control of body movements
spastic
floppy 
reflexes abnormal
stiffness, rigidity
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8
Q

what 3 infantile reflexes after 6 months are still present in an infant when there shouldn’t be?

A

tonic-nec
moro reflex
palmar grasp

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9
Q

what type of walking is present in cerebral palsy

A

tip-toe walking

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10
Q

describe the crawling for an infant with cerebral palsy

A

crawling using only arms and not legs

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11
Q

describe the arms for an infant with cerebral palsy

A

arms are abducted and flexed

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12
Q

main cause in cerebral palsy

A

cerebral anoxia

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13
Q

pre-existing brain abnormalities are present with what abnormality?

A

cerebral palsy

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14
Q

name the 6 high-risk items an infant with cerebral palsy may have

A

LBW, ELBW, prematurity, low APGAR scores at 5 minutes, intracranial hemorrhage, infection.

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15
Q

the most common type of cerebral palsy?

A

spastic

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16
Q

describe the muscles in spastic cerebral palsy and its consequence if not corrected.

A

muscles are in continuous muscle contraction and if not treated, causes contractures leading to bone deformities

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17
Q

describe the infant with cerebral palsy motor performance and abnormal posture.

A

child stands & walks on toes
when prone: hips higher than trunk with legs & arms flexed and drawn up
when supine: scissoring

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18
Q

loss of what is present with cerebral palsy?

A

loss of normal movement

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19
Q

due to what 3 things is associated with spastic cerebral palsy?

A

due to: hypoxia, hemorrhage, poor muscle tone

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20
Q

name the 6 types of spastic cerebral palsy

A 
hemiparesis
quadriparesis
diplegia
monoplegia
triplegia
paraplegia
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21
Q

hemiparesis spastic CP

A

one side affected in the body

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22
Q

quadriparesis spastic CP

A

all 4 limbs affected
LE>UE
and trunk affected

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23
Q

which of the 6 spastic types of CP is the most severe disability?

A

quadriparesis

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24
Q

the type of spastic cp in which similar parts on both sides of the body (i.e. both arms); bunny hop. All 4 extremities, legs more than arms

A

diplegia

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25
Q

affects only one extremity in spastic CP

A

monoplegia

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26
Q

affects only the lower extremities in Spastic CP

A

paraplegia

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27
Q

Classes of CP (name both)

A

athetoid and dyskinetic/dystonia

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28
Q

the class of CP that includes abnormal involuntary movements that are slow, wrathing, and involve all extremities (includes face, neck, etc)

A

athetosis

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29
Q

describe dyskinetic class of CP

A

disorder in the muscle tone/jerkings/increased when the child is tired, excited, or irritated.

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30
Q

give the difference b/t athetosis and dystonia (dyskinetic) class of CP

A

athetosis: slow & continuous (worm-like)

dystonia/dyskinetic: abnormal sudden movements

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31
Q

give another class of CP

A

ataxis

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32
Q

describe ataxis class of CP

A

disturbed coordination
wide-based gait
lack of balance & coordination
difficult to do anything

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33
Q

what is the cause of ataxis class of CP?

A

cause: defect in cerebellum

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34
Q

name the 5 associated disabilities with CP

A 
intellectual impairment
seizures
vision px
hearing px
communication/speech
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35
Q

give the percentage for intellectual impairment associated with CP

A

70% NL

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36
Q

give the age range for children with CP that are bound to experience seizures

A

ages 2-6

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37
Q

the kind of seizures a child with CP would get

A

spastic seizures

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38
Q

give the two vision px while a child that has CP

A

amblyopia & nystagmus

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39
Q

treatment for CP

A

very individualized for each patient

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40
Q

name some tx for CP concerning communication & locomotion

A

speech therapy, braces, wheelchair (quadriplegia)

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41
Q

medications for CP

A

antiepileptics

muscle relaxants

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42
Q

name the 4 common muscle relaxants medications for CP

A

baclofen
botox (Botulinum toxin type A for paralysis)
Diazepam (valium)
Phenytoin?

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43
Q

name the two treatments for CP that promote optimal motor functioning.

A

Physical therapy & OT

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44
Q

correcting defects for children with CP include what two things?

A

tendon lengthening & correcting scoliosis.

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45
Q

the last treatment option you can do for someone with CP

A

provide educational opportunities

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46
Q

give the cause of congenital hypothyroidism

A

typically caused by underdeveloped thyroid

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47
Q

what organ does not stimulate thyroid in congenital hypothyroidism?

A

the pituitary

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48
Q

there is a deficiency in what with congenital hypothyroidism?

A

iodine deficiency

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49
Q

moms use of what drug during pregnancy can cause congenital hypothyroidism?

A

anti-thyroid drugs

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50
Q

12 symptoms associated w/congenital hypothyroidism

A 
"Good baby syndrome"
poor feeding
weight gain
lethargy
hoarse cry
dry hair/skin
large anterior fontanel
short
puffy eyes
large protruding tongue
hypotonia
constipation
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51
Q

first thing affected without early detection of hypothyroidism

A

intellectual disability

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52
Q

neonatal screening of what item helps detect hypothyroidism

A

screening for T4

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53
Q

treatment drug for hypothyroidism

A

levothyroxine (Synthroid)

54
Q

one thing associated with taking thyroid hormone?

A

life-long replacement of the drug

55
Q

give the dose proportion, and time the drug levothyroxine has to be give to a child with hypothyroidism

A

proportionally larger than adult and it has to be given as a single dose every morning at the same time

56
Q

give levothyroxine before how much time before eating breakfast?

A

30 minutes before feedings

57
Q

give the child’s dose for levothyroxine

A

25-50 mcg/kg/day

58
Q

how to prep levothyroxine

A

crush drug, use medicine dropper

59
Q

do not give levothyroxine with what?

A

soy, calcium, iron, or formula

60
Q

give 7 toxic symptoms associated with hypothyroidism

A 
weight loss
tachycardia
fever, sweats
irritability 
S&S of hyperthyroidism
insomnia
dyspnea
61
Q

give 6 symptoms that will indicate insufficient thyroid hormone

A 
weight gain
sleepiness
decreased appetite
constipation
S&S of hypothyroidism 
creatinism
62
Q

give the condition that indicates genetic, autosomal recessive trait

A

PKU (phenylketonuria)

63
Q

babies with PKU are missing what enzyme to do what drug

A

missing the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine

64
Q

what enzyme in PKU when in large quantities can cause seizures?

A

Phenylalanine

65
Q

what enzyme (related to PKU) aids in CNS development?

A

tyrosine

66
Q

without tyrosine, what is not produced in the body?

A

melanin

67
Q

children with PKU have a problem with?

A

pigmentation

68
Q

describe what a child with PKU would look like

A

blonde
blue eyes
susceptible to skin problems

69
Q

give the characteristic a child with PKU would give in sweat an urine

A

a musty, mousey odor

70
Q

8 signs & symptoms of PKU

A 
intellectual diability
frequent vomiting
FTT
seizure activity
tremors
jerky movements
hyperactive
irritability
71
Q

a lab value greater than what will result in intellectual disability with PKU?

A

greater than 15 mg/dL

72
Q

you want results for phenylalanine in PKU to be what?

A
73
Q

PKU is diagnosed using what test at birth?

A

Guthrie Test

74
Q

what must you make sure of before the test for PKU is given?

A

baby must have several feeding of formula/breast milk before the test

75
Q

give the time range for testing for the presence of PKU

A

48-72 hours after birth

76
Q

when does the test for the presence of PKU usually occur?

A

typically until day that the baby goes home

77
Q

what action will you take if the test for PKU comes back positive?

A

repeat the exam

78
Q

treatment for PKU

A

lifelong; controlling the intake of phenylalanine in diet

79
Q

what is the goal range in controlling phenylalanine in diet for life?

A

3-10 mg/dL for life

80
Q

what should you avoid if you have PKU?

A

avoid dietary proteins

81
Q

what two foods given is low in phenylalanine?

A

fruits & juices

82
Q

what foods are high in phenylalanine and should be avoided in those with PKU?

A

meats, dairy, eggs, nutrasweet, artificial sweeteners, and asparatime

83
Q

what substance can be given to infants d/t they cannot eat solids

A

Lofenelac

84
Q

when eating solids, how should one keep his diet who has PKU?

A

Phenyl-free when eating solids

85
Q

pregnant women will have to do what if they have PKU?

A

due to high maternal phenylalanine levels having a teratogenic effect, pregnant women will have to go back on diet

86
Q

what problems will be evident in infant if mom during pregnancy does not control her intake of phenylalanine?

A

microcephaly

intellectual problems

87
Q

mental retardation has been replaced with what term now?

A

intellectual disability

88
Q

give the range for mild intellectual disability

A

55-70

89
Q

give the 3 criteria/items in mild intellectual disability?

A

slow development
can learn with special education
can achieve social/vocational self-maintenance

90
Q

give the range for moderate intellectual disability

A

40-55

91
Q

give the 4 criteria/items under moderate intellectual disability

A

delays in motor development
responds to training
poor communication
sheltered

92
Q

determining intellectual disability is based on what test?

A

IQ test

93
Q

give the range for severe intellectual disability

A

25-40

94
Q

give the 4 criteria/items under severe intellectual disability

A

helps self minimally
habit training
some understanding of speech
dependent on others

95
Q

give the range for profound intellectual disability

A

under 25

96
Q

give the four criteria/items under profound intellectual disability

A

minimally functional
shows basic emotional responses
unable to care for self
requires nursing care

97
Q

name the condition that is the most common chromosomal disability

A

down syndrome

98
Q

trisomy 21 is associated with what condition?

A

down syndrome

99
Q

down syndrome is more likely to occur when?

A

increased r/o getting down when mom has children past the age of 35

100
Q

major symptom in down syndrome?

A

intellectual disability

101
Q

symtoms/signs in down syndrome (8)

A 
low set ears
slanted eyes
transverse palmar creases
flat nasal bridge
protruding tongue
epicanthal folds
hypotonia
small square head
102
Q

in what 3 ways could you increase development potential with down syndrome

A

increase stimulation
increase praise
increase participation in stimulation

103
Q

at what age range in development could you see down syndrome affecting?

A

1-4 years

104
Q

if child is hospitalized and the child has down syndrome, what should you continue to do?

A

maintain his normal routine when hospitalized

105
Q

Down syndrome children will require what during their lifetime (give % & the defect)

A

30-40% will have congenital heart defects requiring surgery

106
Q

as children with down grow name the symptoms that may arise (7)

A 
dementia
cataracts
hearing loss
feeding difficulties
respiratory px
males are usually infertile
females may be able to have children (50%) but there is a r/o child born with down as well
107
Q

name the condition with x-linked recessive disease (more common in what sex)

A

muscular dystrophy (more common in boys)

108
Q

clinical manifestations in muscular dystrophy

A

Lordosis

109
Q

lordosis, manifested in muscular dystrophy is defined as what?

A

abnormal curvature of the spine

110
Q

name the 5 items you will see in a boy will muscular dystrophy concerning his gait

A 
wadding gait
toe walking
frequent falls
difficulty in rising from floor
difficulty in climbing stairs
111
Q

gowers sign is related to what condition and is manifested as what?

A

muscular dystrophy and is manifested as hands are walking up the childs legs to help him get into a standing position

112
Q

in muscular dystrophy what is evident about the boys calf?

A

fat deposits replaced wasted calf (gastrocnemius) & muscle-pseudohypertrophy

113
Q

clinical manifestations concerning the eye and lungs with muscular dystrophy

A

drooping of the eyelid later in life and respiratory px late in life

114
Q

muscular dystrophy (occurs commonly in boys) is due to the increase of what enzyme?

A

Creatinine phosphokinase (CK)

115
Q

what kind of testing can be done in muscular dystrophy?

A

genetic testing

116
Q

delayed what in muscular dystrophy and what age does it occur?

A

delayed motor development at 2-6 years in boys with muscular dystrophy

117
Q

most common and the worse type of muscular dystrophy

A

Duchenne’s

118
Q

muscular dystrophy is due to the deficiency or absence of what enzyme?

A

dystrophia

119
Q

degeneration of muscles is associated with what abnormality?

A

muscular dystrophy

120
Q

the degeneration of muscles in muscular dystrophy causes what?

A

muscles atrophied, become woody d/t fatty infiltrates

121
Q

name 4 diagnostic tests that can be performed with muscular dystrophy

A

muscle biopsy
serum enzyme measurement
serum CK in early disease
genetic testing

122
Q

give the age range in which delays for boys with muscular dystrophy will occur

A

2-6 years

123
Q

progression of muscular dystrophy will have the boy likely to be wheelchair bound at what age?

A

12 years

124
Q

death is likely to occur at what age with boys that have muscular dystrophy? by what complication?

A

death will likely occur to boys with muscular dystrophy at age 20 due to respiratory infections

125
Q

treatment for boys with muscular dystrophy (5)

A 
supportive-rehab
respiratory px
range of motion
avoid obesity
steriods- predisone
126
Q

floppy infant syndrome is also known as?

A

spinal muscular dystrophy type I “SMA”

127
Q

autosomal recessive for both male & female abnormality is called what?

A

Werding-Hoffman Disease

128
Q

what abnormality destroys motor neurons controlling voluntary muscle movements?

A

Werding-Hoffman disease

129
Q

symptoms for this abnormality occur at 6 months

A

Werding-Hoffman disease

130
Q

Males/Females will Werding-Hoffman disease will likely experience death at what age?

A

most die before the age of 2

131
Q

Respiratory failure will cause death in this abnormality

A

Werding-Hoffman Disease

Developmental Psychological PS 323-3 (9 decks)

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