theories Flashcards
is the pleasure seeking side, immature, impulsive, child-like and cannot delay gratification. it has no regard of others and the law
id
is a system of concepts which attempts a person to describe and explain behavior
theory
concerns with reality, controls the id, and can delay pressure. it can conform with existing societal consideration.
ego
refers to the conscience and the mortal judge of conduct. violation of the rules leads to guilt feelings. it strives for perfection rather than pleasure. it makes a person feel guilty when he does not live up to standards
superego
the mouth, the lips, and tongue are the major source of gratification.
oral period
this begins at about 18 months and gratification comes through control of bowel movement.
anal period
this begins roughly at three years old. the pleasure is derived from the genital organs
phallic period
this corresponds o middle childhood. the focus shifts from sexual gratification in learning to cope with one’s environment, especially school
latency period
this begins at puberty. the young person begins to regard others not as a source of self-gratification but as a unique individual to be loved for their own sake
genital period
erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
1.
1.trust vs mistrust(birth- 1 year)- center around the nurturance and security the child perceives in his relations with his parents
erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
2.
2.autonomy vs shame and doubt (second year)- the child tries to explore and manipulate the world
erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
3.
3.initiative vs guilt (3-6)- involves the success of the child’s explorations as well as the development of self control and conscience.
erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
4.
4.industry vs inferiority (6-puberty)- he central factors are the skills and values significant in the child’s culture.
erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
5.
5.identity formation vs role confusion (adolescence)- centering around he risks of an integrated sense of positive identity.
erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
6.
6.intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood)- centering around the risks of association and commitment to others.
erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
7.
7.generativity vs stagnation (middle age)- the central problems at this stage relate to the concerns of the family, society, and posterity as opposed to self-centerdness or self absorption.
erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
8.
integrity vs despair (old age)- the sense of fulfillment and acceptance as opposed to a feeling of despair at the missed opportunities for fulfillment.
jean piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor (birth-2)
pre-operational (2-7)
concrete operational (7-12)
formal operation (12- older)
babies use their senses and their motor behaviors rather than their thinking to learn about their world.
sensorimotor (birth-2)
is the realization that an object (or person) continues to be present even if it is already absent.
object permanence
children at this stage use symbols like words to represent people and objects. they can also imitate actions and learn how to do numbers and understand relationships between two events (children are egocentric at this stage. they don’t consider the point of view of others)
pre-operational (2-7)
at this point, they can put themselves in the shoes of others (empathy) and can make moral judgement.they begin to use logic regarding tangible or concrete objects or happening
concrete operation (7-12)
children at this point can think life scientist. they can already solve problems through logical reasoning, even theoretically and abstractly. they consider all available data before they conclude.
formal operation (12-older)
lawrence kohlberg’s three level moral development
preconventional morality
conventional mortality
post conventional morality
the consequences determine morality; behavior that is rewarded is right; that which punished is wrong
preconventional morality
conformity to social norms is right; non conformity is wrong people approach moral problems as a members of society. they are interested in pleasing others by acting as good members of society
conventional morality
people use moral principles which are seen as broader than those of any particular society.
post conventional morality
means responding to new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.
assimilation
is a pattern of action or a “mental structure” involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge
schema
is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world.
accomodation
the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus
fixation time
according to piaget, recognition hat the basic properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same when superficial features change
conservation
simultaneous focusing on more than one dimension of a problem so that flexible reversible thought becomes possible
decentration
according to piaget, the assignment of blame according to the amount of damage done rather than the motives of the actor
objective responsibility
refers to the temporary support provided by a parent or teacher to a child who is learning to perform task
scaffolding
the enduring affectional tie that binds one person to another
attachment
a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to posses his mother sexually and perceive his father as a rival in love
oedipus complex
the reasonable stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another
personality
