Theories Flashcards
Learning
Process of acquiring new understanding skills attitudes and preferences
Classical conditioning list
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
Naturally triggers an unconditioned response (reflex)
Automatically make you react
I.e Chris shout
Unconditioned response
Natural response to unconditioned stimulus
The automatic reaction we make to an unconditioned stimulus
I.e we flinch when Chris shouts
Neutral stimulus
Doest trigger a response
Conditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus
Something you learn to react to because it’s linked to something else
I.e phone rings
Conditioned response
Response to conditioned stimulus
The learnt response due to past experience
I.e Picks up phone when rings
Extinction
Cs + ucs = not paired for a while Cs nolonger triggers CR
Spontaneous recovery
Extinct response reappear with out new pairing with ucs
Weaker than original CR
Stimulus generalisation
Conditioned response to one object is generalised to every similar object
Operant conditioning list
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Negative punishment
Primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Positive punishment
Positive reinforcement
Add something nice to decrease behaviour
Add something nice to increase behaviour
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
Remove something good to decrease behaviour
Remove something bad to increase behaviour
Primary reinforcer
Rewarding due to biological significance
Sex food water
Secondary reinforcer
Helps you get primary reinforcer
Money = helps you get food
What does classical conditioning sugget
Focus on automatic behaviours
What does operant conditioning suggest
Applying punishment or reinforcement could strengthen or weaken voluntary behaviour
Schedules of reinforcement list
Fixed ratio reinforcement
Variable ratio reinforcement
Fixed interval reinforcement
Variable nterval reinforcement
Step for behaviour modifications
Successive approximation
Fixed ratio reinforcement
Get rewar after set number of actions
Variable ratio reinforcement
Don’t know how many actions before you get reward I.e gambling
Fixed interval reinforcement
You have a certain time period do something before you get rewarded I.e last minute homework
Variable interval reinforcement
You don’t know how much time you have to wait before you get rewarded
For example fishing you don’t know how long you have to wait till you get a bite
Behaviour modifications
If someone does something you like for the first time you reward it every single time at the beginning
Successive approximations
Teach someone a simple behaviour and you reinforce it more and more till you get the target behaviour
I.e come to lesson good job
Do homework great
Social learning theory list
Observation
Imitation
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation- vicarious reinforcement
Observation
Learn via looking at other ppl
Imitation
Once you learn behaviour you display it in appropriate circumstance
Attention (2)
Pay attention to behaviour of role model
And why are they a role model
Retention ( 2)
Remember observed behavior
How is memory formed - maintenaned rehearsal
Reproduction
Behaviour is replicated in appropriate situations
Motivation (2)
Vicarious reinforcement
Wanna see how ur model is treated for behaving that way
What does social learning theory suggest
We learn via imitation of others
Explain the acquisition and maintenance of phobia
Social learning theory is a good explanation for how phobias are acquired
Operant conditioning is good for maintenance- first we avoid fear then we feel relieved which gives us negative reinforcement which then encourages you more to avoid fear
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning theory
Automatic- pavlov
Voluntary- skinner
Imitate- bandura
What are the two treatments for phobias
Systematic desensitisation
Flooding
Goal/Steps for systematic desensitisation
Decrease fear towards a phobic object over time
Step 1: discuss the logic of fear with therapist and possible triggers
Step 2: create fear hierarchy
Step 3: teach them how to cope with fear via relaxation
Step 4: go up hierarchy and apply relaxation each level
Step 5: over time when exposed to increasing levels they learn to calm themselves
Fear hierarchy
Creates hierarchy of fear
Froml least fearful scenario to high fearful scenario
What are the relaxation techniques
Muscle relaxation: relax tense muscle
Deep breathing
Meditation
Flooding
Show worst feat then prove its not that’s bad
No step by step build up
Fear removed Via EXTINCTION ( MOST SAY)
Flooding - extinction (5)
Consent from patient to prevent them from leaving
Fear
Expose patient - no escape?
Patient learns nothing bad happens ( example)
Chill out
Fear goes away via extinction
Give 2 difference between flooding and systematic desensitisation
No /Fear hierarchy
Most intense throughout/ least intense first
