Theories Flashcards
Stimulus Response Theory
Introduced to explain how people learn new behaviours.
Rewards and punishment (depends on how you use it).
Can be effective in the short term, over time need to sustain stronger stimulus/rewards in order to sustain behaviour (becomes extrinsic motivation, no intrinsic motivation).
-not great in the long term.
Grounded in early research on classical and instrumental conditioning.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding something positive
Increases physical activity
Negative Reinforcement
Taking away something negative.
Increases Physical activity
Punishment
Adding something negative.
Decreases physical activity.
Extinction
Taking away reinforcement
Decreases physical activity.
Social Cognitive Theory Background
Describes factors shaping human motivation, behaviour, and well-being.
Reciprocal determinism central idea in explanation of motivation.
-motivation is the product of three types of influences = behavioural, personal, and environmental.
Social Cognitive Theory
Seven constructs embedded within social cognitive theory.
Observational learning.
Goals
Outcome expectations
Outcome expectancies,
Self-regulation
Behavioural capacity
Self-efficacy.
Observational Learning
What types of thoughts, emotions seen in other people
Goals
Long-term and short-term goals of people
Outcome Expectations
People try to project how a certain behaviour will lead to pleasant or unpleasant behaviours.
Interested in the benefits and loses of certain behaviours.
Outcome Expectancies.
The likelihood that the behaviour will result in the outcome that we expect.
Self-regulation
The ways in which we manage our own behaviour and monitor our behaviours.
Behavioural Capacity
What we preserve our abilities to be for different types of behaviours.
Self-efficacy
Our belief in our self that we can be successful in a context.
Social Cognitive Theory and Health Behaviour
Shows relationship between SCT and behaviour.
Self-efficacy is the main variable in SCT.
-Influences our outcome expectations in physical, social, and self-evaluative outcomes.
-those influences our likelihood to engage in behaviour.
-works through goals to influence behaviour as well
-helps you become away of things that are facilitators and barriers in life.
-which will influence the behaviour they will engage in.
Sub-Theory of SCT
Self-efficacy theory
Self-efficacy Theory
Belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the course of action to achieve an outcome in a specific context or situation.
Identified five types of self-efficacy relevant to physical activity:
-task efficacy, coping efficacy, scheduling efficacy, proxy efficacy, other efficacy.
Task Efficacy
Refers to self-efficacy specific to one’s belief in their ability to successfully perform a task or skill.
Coping Efficacy
Belief in one’s ability to effectively manage or cope with challenges they may face.
Scheduling Efficacy
Belief in our own ability to effectively organize and manage time.
Proxy Efficacy
Belief in somebody else’s ability to help them accomplish a task.
Other Efficacy
Belief in another person’s ability to perform a task.
Where does self-efficacy come from?
According to SCT, it comes from mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological/affective states.
Self-efficacy leads to certain types of behaviours, cognitions, and affect.
Self-efficacy is both an antecedent and an outcome of PA.
Mastery Experience
Past performance and failure of similar types of behaviours.
Important when setting short term attainable goals.
Vicarious Experience
Modelling.
Having role models we can look to to understand certain behaviours.
Imagery is another form.
Verbal Persuasion
Also known as social persuasion.
Verbal/non-verbal feedback we get from others.
Physiological/Affective States
Have certain physiological responses in our body and we can associate specific behaviours to these states.
Can reframe different physiological states with a behaviour/event can help with self-efficacy.
Research on Social Cognitive Theory
SCT constructs account for 40-55% of physical activity behaviour.
Environmental barriers such as affordability and accessibility have an effect on our self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy is linked to behavioural outcomes, such as sport performance and exercise adherence.
Application of Social Cognitive Theory
Wearable activity monitors can include techniques linked to social cognitive theory designed to support physical activity motivation.
-social support, activity monitoring, learning tools.
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Highlights personal and social influences on cognitive self-regulation of behaviour.
-focus on intention
-our intention to engage in behaviour is the best predictor for actually engaging in a certain type of behaviour.
Looking at how much our intentions align with a target behaviour, how much time lapses between intention and the target behaviour, and our perceived control over a certain type of behaviour.
Relationship between intention and behaviour is the focus of this theory.
Theory of Reasoned Action
Precursor of theory of planned behaviour.
Talked about two factors that shape our intention to engage in behaviour.
-intention is influenced by our attitude toward that behaviour
-positive or negative view
-are made up of our behaviour beliefs = consider the affective/instrumental consequences in engaging in a certain behaviour.
-subjective norms influence our intentions
-ie. pressure we receive from our social circles, environment, etc.
-normative beliefs influence our subjective norms = reflect our perceptions of others and what these others think in regard to a behaviour; descriptive norms and injunctive norms
-missing the belief in one self
Descriptive and Injunctive Norms
What do they think about behaviour vs what they think about you doing the behaviour.
What is the difference between TRA and TPB?
Added the element of belief in ourselves to the theory of reasoned action.
-known as perceived behavioural control = how much control we have overcoming personal and environment behaviours.
-control beliefs have an influence = ledger of what barriers and facilitators we have to engage in this behaviour.
-has a direct effect on behaviour and our intentions
Intention explains about 1/3 of the variance in exercise behaviour when using the theory of planned behaviour.
The Intention-Behaviour Gap
The intention-behaviour gap is influenced by intentional stability, habit, affective judgement, identity, and implementation intentions.
Involves the Health Action Process Model
Health Action Process Model
Breaks down the intention-behaviour gap.
Gives insights into what happens between the gap.
Action planning = how are we going to engage in a behaviour.
Coping planning = predicting and planning for different barriers/challenges we might face.
Also involves task self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and risk perception.
Research on TPB
Attitude and perceived behaviour control are positively linked with exercise intentions.
Subjective norms generally show weaker associations with exercise intentions.
Important others are a key source for sport initiation in para-sport participation.
Applications of TPB
Interventions should focus on enhancing the individual’s intention to exercise.
Increase attitude towards PA by increasing the knowledge of exercise benefits.
Target subjective norms by eliciting the support of others who are physically active.
Perceived behaviour control can be targeted through a range of strategies.
Self-Determination Theory
Global theory of human motivation and development.
People are naturally endowed with innate tendencies for personal growth and development and flourish when social environments are optimal.
Two sub-theories of self-determination theory to our introductory discussion of motivation include cognitive evaluation theory and organismic integration theory.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Specified how various conditions shape or thwart the development of intrinsic motivation.
Focus on three basic physiological needs including competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Social pressure, negative reinforcement, threat of punishment, competition, and rewards can potentially undermine intrinsic motivation.
Satisfying these needs leads to a lot of positive outcomes.
-direct and mediator influences on outcomes depending on the situation.
Intrinsic Motivation
Engaging in an activity because it is enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, or self-rewarding.
Competence
Feeling effective and capable when undertaking challenging tasks
Autonomy
The feeling one has choice and is the author of their own behaviour
Relatedness
Sense of belonging and connection with members of a group.
Organismic Integration Theory
Considers the quality of motivation.
-the supports and social environment have an effect on the type and quality of motivation thus influencing the outcomes.
Intrinsic motivation = more self-determined.
Extrinsic motivation = our behaviour is moderated by an outcome separate from ourselves (ie. outside reward)
-more nonself-determined
-four types of extrinsic motivation include external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation.
External Regulation
We’re engaging in behaviour because of some external demand.
Introjected Regulation
To engage in activity to avoid negative emotion that is shaped by external factor.
Identified Regulation
The behaviour is linked to something that is important to us (ie. eat healthy because of the benefits that come with it).
Integrated Regulation
Engaging in behaviour because it is consistent with their values and beliefs (ie. identity).
Research on Self-Determined Theory
Greater endorsement of self-determined motives associated with increased effort in physical education classes and intention to be physically active.
Autonomy support, structure, and involvement linked to greater need for satisfaction, autonomous motives, and effort put into sport.
