Theories Flashcards
What is Eckert and McConnel-Ginet’s Community of practice theory
that social identities often form shared collaborative goals which contribute to a community of practice
what theory did McConnel-Ginet and Eckert create
Community of Practice
who created the community of practice theory
McConnel-Ginet and Eckert
what theory did Giles create
accommodation theory
what was Fairclough’s synthetic personalisation theory
the process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language and convergence
common in advertising and institutional power
who created the synthetic personalisation theory
Fairclough
what are Fairclough’s 3 theories
synthetic personalisation
unequal encounters
informalisation
who created the unequal encounters theory
fairclough
who created the informalisation theory
Fairclough
what is fairclough’s unequal encounters theory
-that most interactions are unequal in the forms of power
-language choice is created and constrained by certain power situations and types
-he says there is a power struggle in most encounters
what is fairlough’s informalisation theory
the process of incorporating colloquial language into public forms of spoken and written discourse
- a crossing of borders between private and public
-overtime language is becoming more and more informal
who created the prestige theory
Trudgill and Lakoff
what theory did Trudgill and Lakoff create
the prestige theory
what is Trudgill and Lakoff’s prestige theory
they claimed that women use more overt prestige while men use more covert prestige in their discourse
this is outdated as we’ve seen that informality is about context not gender
who created the cooperative principle
Paul Grice
what theory did Grice create
the cooperative
what are the maxims in the cooperative principle
manner- be clear in what you say, mumbling, jargon and quiet talking breaks this
relevance- speaking relevantly when conversing, changing topic breaks this
quantity- speaking the right amount
quality-how truthful your utterances are, lying and sarcasm breaks this
what are the ways of breaking maxims under the cooperative principle
flouting - deliberately breaking where everyone is aware
violating - where one person is unaware
what theory do maxims come under
Grice’s cooperative Principle
who created the Facework theory
Goffman
what theory did Goffman create
the Facework theory
what is Goffman’s facework theory
Face is the way we present ourselves to others
Goffman said we can save or break face
For a convo to be cooperative we have to avoid breaking face.
We can create a Face Threatening Act (FTA) and Face Saving Act (FSA)
how do you create a negative Face Threatening Act
if something is taken the wrong way
how do you create a positive Face Threatening Act
through insults, threats
what theory did Brown and Levinson expand on
Goffman’s Facework theory
who built on Goffman’s Facework theory
Brown and Levinson
what did Brown and Levinson’s development on the Facework theory state
That there were 5 different types of politeness
1. positive politeness - showing solidarity like compliments and finding common ground
2. Negative politeness- showing respect, apologising and hedging
3. Off the record politeness- indirect speech, implicatures
4. Bald on record politeness- does nothing to minimise face, extremely direct
5. Opt out- saying nothing. choosing not to ask
What theory did Aristotle create
Rhetoric theory
who created the rhetoric theory
Aristotle
what was Aristotle’s rhetoric theory
‘the art of persuasion’
language of rhetoric is a way of convincing people and having good communication with others
It is achieved via Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos
what is hegemony
societies expectations and associations which often lead to stereotypes
what are social expectations and associations called and what do they lead to?
hegemony
stereotypes
who created the theory about tag questions
holmes 1984
who created the theory about tag questions
holmes 1984
what did holmes say about tag questions
me and women use roughly the same number of tag questions contracting the deficit modal.
women use more facilitative tags to keep the interaction running smoothly while men use epistemic modal tags
what are the different types of tags
speaker oriented tags:
epistemic modal tags- request info or confirmation of info
challenging tags- confrontational and may boost the force of an utterance or force the addressee into replying
addressee oriented tags:
affective tags- indicate concern for the addressee
-softeners- mitigate impolite demands
-facilitative- invite the listener to take a conversational turn to comment on the speakers assertion
what are the different types of speaker oriented tags
epistemic modal tags- request info or confirmation of info
challenging tags- confrontational and may boost the force of an utterance or force the addressee into replying
what are the different types of addressee oriented tags?
affective tags- indicate concern for the addressee
-softeners- mitigate impolite demands
-facilitative- invite the listener to take a conversational turn to comment on the speakers assertion
what are the different types of addressee oriented tags?
affective tags- indicate concern for the addressee
-softeners- mitigate impolite demands
-facilitative- invite the listener to take a conversational turn to comment on the speakers assertion
what are the types of tag questions that are affective softeners or affective facilitative
addressed oriented
what type of tag question are epistemic modal tags and challenging tags
speaker oriented
what type of tag question are epistemic modal tags and challenging tags
speaker oriented
