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Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Eckert and McConnel-Ginet’s Community of practice theory

A

that social identities often form shared collaborative goals which contribute to a community of practice

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2
Q

what theory did McConnel-Ginet and Eckert create

A

Community of Practice

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3
Q

who created the community of practice theory

A

McConnel-Ginet and Eckert

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4
Q

what theory did Giles create

A

accommodation theory

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5
Q

what was Fairclough’s synthetic personalisation theory

A

the process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language and convergence
common in advertising and institutional power

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6
Q

who created the synthetic personalisation theory

A

Fairclough

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7
Q

what are Fairclough’s 3 theories

A

synthetic personalisation
unequal encounters
informalisation

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8
Q

who created the unequal encounters theory

A

fairclough

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9
Q

who created the informalisation theory

A

Fairclough

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10
Q

what is fairclough’s unequal encounters theory

A

-that most interactions are unequal in the forms of power
-language choice is created and constrained by certain power situations and types
-he says there is a power struggle in most encounters

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11
Q

what is fairlough’s informalisation theory

A

the process of incorporating colloquial language into public forms of spoken and written discourse
- a crossing of borders between private and public
-overtime language is becoming more and more informal

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12
Q

who created the prestige theory

A

Trudgill and Lakoff

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13
Q

what theory did Trudgill and Lakoff create

A

the prestige theory

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14
Q

what is Trudgill and Lakoff’s prestige theory

A

they claimed that women use more overt prestige while men use more covert prestige in their discourse
this is outdated as we’ve seen that informality is about context not gender

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15
Q

who created the cooperative principle

A

Paul Grice

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16
Q

what theory did Grice create

A

the cooperative

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17
Q

what are the maxims in the cooperative principle

A

manner- be clear in what you say, mumbling, jargon and quiet talking breaks this
relevance- speaking relevantly when conversing, changing topic breaks this
quantity- speaking the right amount
quality-how truthful your utterances are, lying and sarcasm breaks this

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18
Q

what are the ways of breaking maxims under the cooperative principle

A

flouting - deliberately breaking where everyone is aware
violating - where one person is unaware

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19
Q

what theory do maxims come under

A

Grice’s cooperative Principle

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20
Q

who created the Facework theory

A

Goffman

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21
Q

what theory did Goffman create

A

the Facework theory

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22
Q

what is Goffman’s facework theory

A

Face is the way we present ourselves to others
Goffman said we can save or break face
For a convo to be cooperative we have to avoid breaking face.
We can create a Face Threatening Act (FTA) and Face Saving Act (FSA)

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23
Q

how do you create a negative Face Threatening Act

A

if something is taken the wrong way

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24
Q

how do you create a positive Face Threatening Act

A

through insults, threats

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25
Q

what theory did Brown and Levinson expand on

A

Goffman’s Facework theory

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26
Q

who built on Goffman’s Facework theory

A

Brown and Levinson

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27
Q

what did Brown and Levinson’s development on the Facework theory state

A

That there were 5 different types of politeness
1. positive politeness - showing solidarity like compliments and finding common ground
2. Negative politeness- showing respect, apologising and hedging
3. Off the record politeness- indirect speech, implicatures
4. Bald on record politeness- does nothing to minimise face, extremely direct
5. Opt out- saying nothing. choosing not to ask

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28
Q

What theory did Aristotle create

A

Rhetoric theory

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29
Q

who created the rhetoric theory

A

Aristotle

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30
Q

what was Aristotle’s rhetoric theory

A

‘the art of persuasion’
language of rhetoric is a way of convincing people and having good communication with others
It is achieved via Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos

31
Q

what is hegemony

A

societies expectations and associations which often lead to stereotypes

32
Q

what are social expectations and associations called and what do they lead to?

A

hegemony
stereotypes

33
Q

what are the different hegemonic gender stereotypes

A

the athletic man
the work oriented man
the competitive man
the dominant man
the unemotional man

the aesthetic woman
the domesticated woman
the maternal woman
the submissive woman
the emotional woman

34
Q

what was dale spenders theory

A

the english language is a man made language and slanted towards the superiority of men

35
Q

who said that the english language is man made and is slanted towards men

A

dale spender

36
Q

what was the bodine theory and who was it by

A

ann bodine
we live in an androcentric society where many words and figures of speech are slanted towards the superiority of men over women.
men are seen as more dominant

37
Q

what theory suggests that we live in an androcentric society where many words and figures of speech are slanted towards men’s superiority over women

A

the bodine theory

38
Q

what theory did ann bodine make

A

the bodine theory

39
Q

what did muriel schulz say about gender

A

female related terms often undergo semantic pejoration / derogation

40
Q

who said that female related terms often undergo pejoration / amelioration

A

muriel schulz

41
Q

what did miller and swift say about gender

A

women are often represented as emotional and irrational

42
Q

who said that women are often emotional and irrational

A

miller and swift

43
Q

what did lakoff say about gender

A

word choice is strongly influenced by gender - both that of the speaker and that of the referent
we have gendered adjectives such as beautiful for girls and women and good looking for boys and men

44
Q

who said that word choice is strongly influenced by gender of both the speaker and referent
and that we have gendered adjectives like beautiful and good looking

A

lakoff

45
Q

what did robin lakoffs deficit model claim

A

that the following features are used more by women
-hedging
-super polite forms
-tag questions
-indirect commands
-prosodic features
-empty adjectives
-hyper correct grammar
-intensifiers
-direct quotations
-wh imperatives
-weak modal verbs

she also said that women apologise more, lack a sense of humour, avoid coarse language, and speak less frequently

46
Q

what model and who said that the following features are used more by women
-hedging
-super polite forms
-tag questions
-indirect commands
-prosodic features
-empty adjectives
-hyper correct grammar
-intensifiers
-direct quotations
-wh imperatives
-weak modal verbs

she also said that women apologise more, lack a sense of humour, avoid coarse language, and speak less frequently

A

robin lakoffs deficit model

47
Q

What is the dominance model and who was it by

A

men tend to interrupt more in discourse than women; this helps to exert power

zimmerman and west

48
Q

what model and who said that men tend to interrupt more in discourse than women; this helps to exert power

A

the dominance model

zimmerman and west

49
Q

what model did zimmerman and west create

A

the dominance model

50
Q

what did paul baker say

A

that the honorific ‘Ms’ has a long way to come before being seen as the favourable gendered title
that the noun ‘girl’ is more likely to be used compared to the noun ‘boy’ when referring to adults

51
Q

who said that the honorific ‘Ms’ has a long way to come before being seen as the favourable gendered title
that the noun ‘girl’ is more likely to be used compared to the noun ‘boy’ when referring to adults

A

paul baker

52
Q

who created the difference model

A

deborah tannen

53
Q

what does the difference model say

A
  • support vs status —- women use language to seek and offer support while men see the world competitively so use convo to build status
  • advice vs understanding — women seek comfort and sympathy while men seek solutions to problems
  • conflict vs compromise — women avoid conflict and want to compromise while men are more confrontational
  • information vs feelings — women use convo to build friendships and social links while men exchange info
  • orders vs proposals —women use super polite forms and propose options rather than force them while men use direct imperatives and orders
  • independence vs intimacy — women seek intimacy helping them avoid superiority and build connections while men favour independence helping them establish status
54
Q

what model and who created the following
-support vs status
-advice vs understanding
-conflict vs compromise
-information vs feelings
-orders vs proposals
-independence vs intimacy

A

the difference model

deborah tannen

55
Q

who created the theory about tag questions

A

holmes 1984

56
Q

who created the theory about tag questions

A

holmes 1984

57
Q

what did holmes say about tag questions

A

me and women use roughly the same number of tag questions contracting the deficit modal.
women use more facilitative tags to keep the interaction running smoothly while men use epistemic modal tags

58
Q

what are the different types of tags

A

speaker oriented tags:
epistemic modal tags- request info or confirmation of info
challenging tags- confrontational and may boost the force of an utterance or force the addressee into replying

addressee oriented tags:
affective tags- indicate concern for the addressee
-softeners- mitigate impolite demands
-facilitative- invite the listener to take a conversational turn to comment on the speakers assertion

59
Q

what are the different types of speaker oriented tags

A

epistemic modal tags- request info or confirmation of info
challenging tags- confrontational and may boost the force of an utterance or force the addressee into replying

60
Q

what are the different types of addressee oriented tags?

A

affective tags- indicate concern for the addressee
-softeners- mitigate impolite demands
-facilitative- invite the listener to take a conversational turn to comment on the speakers assertion

61
Q

what are the different types of addressee oriented tags?

A

affective tags- indicate concern for the addressee
-softeners- mitigate impolite demands
-facilitative- invite the listener to take a conversational turn to comment on the speakers assertion

62
Q

what are the types of tag questions that are affective softeners or affective facilitative

A

addressed oriented

63
Q

what type of tag question are epistemic modal tags and challenging tags

A

speaker oriented

64
Q

what type of tag question are epistemic modal tags and challenging tags

A

speaker oriented

65
Q

who’s theory said that women carry out the ‘interactional shift work’ in conversations

A

Fishman

66
Q

what did Fishman’s theory state

A

that women carry out the ‘interactional shift work’ in conversation

67
Q

what is the Queer Theory and when was it created

A

1990’s
gender is a social construct and is subject to change

68
Q

what theory said that gender is a social construct and is subject to change

A

the Queer Theory

69
Q

What did Rosalind Gill say and when

A

2003
‘lads’ have become a stereotype associated with hypermasculinity

70
Q

who said that ‘lads’ have become a stereotype associated with hypermasculinity

A

rosalind gill

71
Q

what did Zwicky say and when

A

1997
homosexual men have to distance themselves from heterosexual men to ‘perform’ their identity

72
Q

who said in 1997 that homosexual men have to distance themselves from heterosexual men to ‘perform’ their identity

A

Zwicky

73
Q

what did Talbot say and when

A

2010
that women having two honorifics (miss and mrs) reflects the importance society but on women’s marital status

74
Q

who said and when that that women having two honorifics (miss and mrs) reflects the importance society but on women’s marital status

A

Talbot
2010

English (8 decks)

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