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English > Pragmatics > Flashcards

Pragmatics Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

paralanguage

A

using body gestures for communication
emojis achieve this electronically

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2
Q

hyperbole

A

exaggerated language

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3
Q

litote

A

understatements

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4
Q

idiom

A

phrases like its ‘raining cats and dogs’ or ‘under the weather’

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5
Q

collocations

A

2 or more words which often go together

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6
Q

shared knowledge

A

using language that a social group understands - could be jargon or informal words

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7
Q

implicature

A

implied meanings

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8
Q

divergence

A

moving speech patterns away from others

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9
Q

convergence

A

moving speech patterns towards others

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10
Q

downwards convergence

A

someone of higher status or power converging to someone of lower status or power

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11
Q

upwards convergence

A

someone of lower status or power converging to someone of higher status or power

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12
Q

mutual convergence

A

both parties converge their speech patterns towards eachother

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13
Q

code switching

A

switching between different languages in conversation

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14
Q

tenor

A

relationship

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15
Q

genre convention

A

features that are typical of a text type

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16
Q

presupposition

A

assumption

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17
Q

hypocorisms

A

a nickname showing affection or closeness

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18
Q

subtext

A

implied meanings

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19
Q

context bound information

A

words described in a certain context e.g ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘there, ‘cool’, ‘it’

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20
Q

honourific address

A

showing respect and conveying courtesy

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21
Q

dramatic irony

A

when the audience knows more than the characters involved

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22
Q

deixis / deictic language

A

phrases or words which are context dependent

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23
Q

exophoric deixis

A

when a word or phrase refers to something outside the discourse

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24
Q

what is exophoric deixis also known as

A

primary deixis

25
Q

what are the 3 types of exophoric deixis

A

person deixis - pronouns, ‘i’, ‘she, ‘they’,
‘him’, and some proper noun
spatial deixis - describing the speaker in
space or relation to other objects such
as ‘here or there’, ‘come and go’, ‘this,
those, that’
temporal deixis - describing the speakers in
terms of time such as ‘now’ , ‘then’,
‘yesterday’

26
Q

Proximal deixis

A

where the situation is near to the speaker e.g here, now ,this

27
Q

Distal deixis

A

used to express distance e.g that, there, then

28
Q

endophoric deixis

A

terms that are revealed in the text

29
Q

what is endophoric deixis also known as

A

secondary deixis

30
Q

what are the 2 types of endophoric deixis?

A

anaphoric deixis - refers to something the
text has already identified
cataphoric deixis - where the pronoun is
revealed before the noun

31
Q

expressives

A

providing praise to others, aka positive reinforcement

32
Q

situational irony

A

a situation in which actions have an effect that is the opposite from what was expected or intended
e.g a fire station is burned down

33
Q

verbal irony

A

when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really mean or feel
It is often sarcastic but does not have to be

34
Q

sarcasm

A

verbal irony with mockery or attitude

35
Q

hypophora

A

a rhetorical question that is immediately answered

36
Q

ideograph

A

when abstract nouns have an emotional impact

37
Q

ethos

A

about the writer/speakers credibility and trust. we are more likely to be persuaded by someone if we trust the individual

38
Q

logos

A

how the speaker/writer appeals to the logical thinking of the audience. I it about the speakers evidence/proof of an argument

39
Q

pathos

A

how the speaker/writer appeals to the emotions of the audience

40
Q

kairus

A

refers to the timeliness of the argument
e.g right her, right now

41
Q

synchronous

A

‘real time’ - the convo is happening right now
live on the spot discourse

42
Q

asynchronous

A

the opposite of synchronous - this is delayed time
e.g tv shows

43
Q

close and distant

A

the proximity of the speaker
physically and in time

44
Q

ephemeral

A

something that is short lived
e.g text messages, snapchat, one day to do list

45
Q

permanent

A

the opposite of ephemeral. a text which could be used over and over again and has a level of permanency
e.g a contract, a novel

46
Q

Intertextuality

A

the way one text influences another
the way texts gain meaning through their referencing or recall of other texts

47
Q

what are the types of intertextuality

A

translation
plagiarism
quotation
allusion
parody
pastiche

48
Q

what is translation
(type of intertextuality)

A

translating work from one language to another

49
Q

what is plagiarism

(type of intertextuality)

A

when a writer uses or closely copies work of others without referencing them thus claiming its their own work

50
Q

what is quotation

(type of intertextuality)

A

the repetition of an expression.
newspapers often quote people as well as journalists who quote other people’s findings

51
Q

what is allusion

(type of intertextuality)

A

a reference to something well known
e.g a person, place, event, story, work of art, literature, music or pop culture

52
Q

what is parody

(type of intertextuality)

A

mocking another text
purpose for comedic value, to be humorous

53
Q

what is pastiche

(type of intertextuality)

A

work that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more artists
e.g fan fiction
not parody as not comedic
not allusion as not a reference

54
Q

default assumption

A

where we assume something unless told otherwise

55
Q

gender bias

A

if language is gender biased it favours a certain gender over another

56
Q

gender neutral language

A

using language to avoid creating a gender bias

57
Q

unmarked terms

A

the normal/neutral form of a word
e.g lion, governor, nurse

58
Q

marked terms

A

the form of words that stand out from the norm
e.g lioness, governess, male nurse

English (8 decks)

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