Pragmatics Flashcards
paralanguage
using body gestures for communication
emojis achieve this electronically
hyperbole
exaggerated language
litote
understatements
idiom
phrases like its ‘raining cats and dogs’ or ‘under the weather’
collocations
2 or more words which often go together
shared knowledge
using language that a social group understands - could be jargon or informal words
implicature
implied meanings
divergence
moving speech patterns away from others
convergence
moving speech patterns towards others
downwards convergence
someone of higher status or power converging to someone of lower status or power
upwards convergence
someone of lower status or power converging to someone of higher status or power
mutual convergence
both parties converge their speech patterns towards eachother
code switching
switching between different languages in conversation
tenor
relationship
genre convention
features that are typical of a text type
presupposition
assumption
hypocorisms
a nickname showing affection or closeness
subtext
implied meanings
context bound information
words described in a certain context e.g ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘there, ‘cool’, ‘it’
honourific address
showing respect and conveying courtesy
dramatic irony
when the audience knows more than the characters involved
deixis / deictic language
phrases or words which are context dependent
exophoric deixis
when a word or phrase refers to something outside the discourse
what is exophoric deixis also known as
primary deixis
what are the 3 types of exophoric deixis
person deixis - pronouns, ‘i’, ‘she, ‘they’,
‘him’, and some proper noun
spatial deixis - describing the speaker in
space or relation to other objects such
as ‘here or there’, ‘come and go’, ‘this,
those, that’
temporal deixis - describing the speakers in
terms of time such as ‘now’ , ‘then’,
‘yesterday’
Proximal deixis
where the situation is near to the speaker e.g here, now ,this
Distal deixis
used to express distance e.g that, there, then
endophoric deixis
terms that are revealed in the text
what is endophoric deixis also known as
secondary deixis
what are the 2 types of endophoric deixis?
anaphoric deixis - refers to something the
text has already identified
cataphoric deixis - where the pronoun is
revealed before the noun
expressives
providing praise to others, aka positive reinforcement
situational irony
a situation in which actions have an effect that is the opposite from what was expected or intended
e.g a fire station is burned down
verbal irony
when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really mean or feel
It is often sarcastic but does not have to be
sarcasm
verbal irony with mockery or attitude
hypophora
a rhetorical question that is immediately answered
ideograph
when abstract nouns have an emotional impact
ethos
about the writer/speakers credibility and trust. we are more likely to be persuaded by someone if we trust the individual
logos
how the speaker/writer appeals to the logical thinking of the audience. I it about the speakers evidence/proof of an argument
pathos
how the speaker/writer appeals to the emotions of the audience
kairus
refers to the timeliness of the argument
e.g right her, right now
synchronous
‘real time’ - the convo is happening right now
live on the spot discourse
asynchronous
the opposite of synchronous - this is delayed time
e.g tv shows
close and distant
the proximity of the speaker
physically and in time
ephemeral
something that is short lived
e.g text messages, snapchat, one day to do list
permanent
the opposite of ephemeral. a text which could be used over and over again and has a level of permanency
e.g a contract, a novel
Intertextuality
the way one text influences another
the way texts gain meaning through their referencing or recall of other texts
what are the types of intertextuality
translation
plagiarism
quotation
allusion
parody
pastiche
what is translation
(type of intertextuality)
translating work from one language to another
what is plagiarism
(type of intertextuality)
when a writer uses or closely copies work of others without referencing them thus claiming its their own work
what is quotation
(type of intertextuality)
the repetition of an expression.
newspapers often quote people as well as journalists who quote other people’s findings
what is allusion
(type of intertextuality)
a reference to something well known
e.g a person, place, event, story, work of art, literature, music or pop culture
what is parody
(type of intertextuality)
mocking another text
purpose for comedic value, to be humorous
what is pastiche
(type of intertextuality)
work that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more artists
e.g fan fiction
not parody as not comedic
not allusion as not a reference
default assumption
where we assume something unless told otherwise
gender bias
if language is gender biased it favours a certain gender over another
gender neutral language
using language to avoid creating a gender bias
unmarked terms
the normal/neutral form of a word
e.g lion, governor, nurse
marked terms
the form of words that stand out from the norm
e.g lioness, governess, male nurse
