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Glaucoma > Theoretics > Flashcards

Theoretics Flashcards

1
Q

The Goldmann applanation tonometer measures the force necessary to flatten an area of cornea of what diameter?

A

At a diamter of 3.06m, the resistance of thecornea to flattening is counterbalanced by capillary of the tear film to the tonometer tip

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2
Q

Aqueous humor - more than plasma

A

hydrogen, chloride, ascorbate

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3
Q

Aqueous humor - less than plasma

A

bicarbonate

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4
Q

Outflow facility value

A

0.3 uL/min/mmHg

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5
Q

Visual field pattern of sleepy or inattentive patient

A

“cloverleaf” pattern

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6
Q

What happens to aqueous formation and outflow facility as one gets older

A

formation and outflow both decrease

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7
Q

mean IOP

A

15.5mmHg with a standard deviation of 2.6mmHg

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8
Q

IOP - what type of distribution in epidemiology

A

non-gaussian distribution with a skew toward higher pressures

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9
Q

infant - when to perform tonometry under anesthesia?

A

immediately after general anesthesia is induced and before intubation

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10
Q

M cells (RGC type)

A

large diameter axons. largest perceptive field. sensitive to light in scotopic conditions. motion vision

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11
Q

P cells (RGC type)

A

80% of all RGCs. small diameter axons. small perceptive field. color and fine-detail vision. concentrated in the macula

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12
Q

koniocellular neurons (RGC type)

A

blue-yellow color. activated preferentially by short-wavelength perimetry (SWAP)

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13
Q

Main site of resistance to aqueous humor outflow

A

juxtacanalicular trabecular meshwork

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14
Q

order of drainage of aqueous humor via the trabecular outflow

A

Schlemm canal –> collector channels –> episcleral veins –> anterior ciliary vein –> superior ophthalmic vein

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15
Q

which parts of the VF is last affected

A

central island of vision, inferotemporal VF

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16
Q

Average rate of aqueous formation. when lower nad higher

A

2-3 uL/min. decreases by half during sleep. higher 8AM to 12AM

17
Q

prevalence of glaucoma after 40yo

A

2%

18
Q

uveoscleral outflow - describe

A

pressure-independent mechanism, where aqueous passes from the ciliary muscle into the supraciliary and suprachoroidal spaces

19
Q

Which adrenergic receptors are the most prevalent in the ciliary epithelium

A

beta-2

20
Q

aqueous formation - mechanism

A

active secretion by the inner nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. involves membrane-associated Na+-K+-ATPase

21
Q

pigmented / nonpigmented ciliary epithelium - which inner / outer

A

inner nonpigmented, outer pigmented

22
Q

What risk of glaucoma is sibling suffers

A

10%

23
Q

Total internal reflection - which interference

A

air-tear interference

24
Q

Can much can IOP vary during a day

A

2-6mmHg

25
Q

Which type of retinal ganglion cell does frequency-doubling technology activate?

A

M (magnocellular) cells

26
Q

Main conclusion from the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study

A

initial medical and initial surgical therapy resulted in similar visual field outcomes after 5 years of follow-up

27
Q

Supply - nerve fiber layer portion of the optic nerve

A

CRA

28
Q

Supply - anterior optic nerve

A

10-20 short posterior ciliary arteries

29
Q

Supply - laminar portion of the optic nerve

A

circle of Zinn-Haller + short posterior ciliary arteries

30
Q

each 1 mmHg decrease in IOP is associated with what percentage reduction in progression of glaucoma

A

10%

31
Q

Uveoscleral outflow - what increases, dependence on IOP, % outflow

A

increased by atropine, independent of IOP, resposible for 20% outflow

32
Q

Fluorophotometry

A

measures aqueous production

33
Q

rate of aqueous production

A

2 ul/min

34
Q

Manometry

A

measures EVP

35
Q

Tonography

A

measures facility of aqueous outflow

36
Q

Which perimetry allows earlier detection of glaucoma

A

frequency doubling technology

37
Q

Scleral Spur - definition

A

anatomic junction between the inner wall of the trabecular meshwork and the sclera

Glaucoma (7 decks)

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