Theoretical ways of reducing the development gap - Neo Liberal, Marxism, Populism, Non development

Question 1

Neo-liberal 1980-1990s

Answer 1

Looked to remove tariff barriers to encourage international trade. This
allowed countries to develop through trade and governments should look to privatise and reducing
state intervention in the economy. This however, tended to make the rich richer and the poor poorer.
Examples e.g. World Bank, world Trade Organisation

Question 2

Marxism

Answer 2

Marxism – idea that capitalism is based on the exploitation of workers by the owners and that
history has mainly been a conflict between these 2 classes. Sought to replace existing class
structures with a system that managed society for the good of all

Question 3

Populism

Answer 3

Populism – idea that supports ‘the people’ in the struggle against society’s ellite. Also known as
‘grassroots action’ it is an important element of ‘bottom-up’ planning e.g. NGOs

Question 4

Non-development

Answer 4

Non-development – some people are against the idea of development as it creates and widens inequalities, undermines local cultures and is environmentally unsustainable.

Question 5

Multilateral (Provided by many nations and organised by international bodies e.g. UN)

Answer 5

Brandt Report suggested each country should give 0.7% of its GNP towards. However most countries do not get close to reaching that target

Question 6

Bilateral (Given directly from one country to another)

Answer 6

Began in 1991 and set up without consulting local people.
Malaysia around the same time bought £1 billion worth of armsfrom the UK
Only £234 million in aid actually given = ‘tied aid’

Question 7

Bottom up/ voluntary

Answer 7

Supported by national andinternational NGOs local farmers have formed a democratically run cooperative.
Enables all farmers to share the cost of hiring a truck to
transport their goods to market. In 2008 able to sell their
sesame seed crop for 3 xs thanin 2007. Extra income gone into schooling and healthcare. NGOS gave ox ploughs, high-yield seeds to improve efficiency.

Question 8

Fair trade

Answer 8

Uganda
Biggest export crop is coffee worth $350 million in 2007.
Gumutindo Coffee cooperative has 3000 members – 91% depend on coffee for their main income.
Money helps pay for school fees and raise the standard of living