theoretical issues

Question 1

define social cognition

Answer 1

mental processes used to make sense of the world

how we process info from the environment and understand them

Question 2

define cues of NV

Answer 2

specific things within the environemnt which we use to make inferences about others, determine how we rlate and interact with others
ie expressions, eye gaze and beh of others

Question 3

define inferences in NV

Answer 3

traits/dispositions/goals/intentions
make initial inferences which can alter based on experience
BUT gernerally determines the character of others and how act to them/around them

Question 4

proffitt 2006

economy of action

Answer 4

organisms must take in more enegry than they expend in order to grow, reproduce and survive
bonds with others help us conseerve enert
network of familairity, joint attention and shared goals
do not need to expend as much energy when shared amongst a group

Question 5

hand movements vs hand gestures

Answer 5

all hand gestures are hand movements

not all hand movements are gestures

Question 6

kendon 1983 hand gesture/movement distinction

Answer 6

can categorise in terms of degree of lexicalisation

extent to which the movement is ‘word-like’ and communicate to others

Question 7

spectrum of hand movements

Answer 7

high lexicalisation - symbolic gestures

mid: conversational gestures
- lexical movements > lexicalisation > motor movements

low lexicalisation - adaptors

Question 8

define symbolic gestures

Answer 8

/emblems
hold specific and conventional meanings that are clearly communicative
specific to cultures (ekman)
ie thumbs up

Question 9

define adaptors

Answer 9

not symbollic
no clear communicative function
meaning may be conveyed in terms of ones internal state ie nervousness

Question 10

define iconic gestures (conversational)

Answer 10

illustrators/representational
concrete referents
illustrate what is being said in conjunction with verbal encoding
neither entirely devoid of meaning nor important within conversation - not likely to add anything new
temporally coordinated to speech - pre or post speech may determine if conscious or subconscious, and its role in conversation

Question 11

define beat gestures (conversational)

Answer 11

single or repetitive movements - rhythmically entrained to speech
motorically simple but do not represent speech content (low lexicalisation)

Question 12

define regulators

Answer 12

indicate conversational flow

ie when want to say something / to indicate turn taking in conversation

Question 13

define dietic gesutres

Answer 13

spatial
metaphoric/abstract
convey direction of movement
allow for joint attention ie capture a concrete obect via pointng
or indicate the passage of time ie left to right

Question 14

theories of hand getures and conversational meanin

Answer 14

communicative function hyp (birdwhistekl 1970)
atavistic vestige of evolution (hewes 1973)
dissipation of tension (kauss et al 1991)

Question 15

define communicative function hyp

birdwhistell 1970

Answer 15

certain getures may function as the structural equivallent of certain linguistic forms
used as substitutes to spoken language
- USED TO CONVEY MEANING TO THE LISTENER NOT TO HELP THE SPEAKER

Question 16

how can you investigate how helpful a gesture is to speech communication?

Answer 16

compare conversational gesture visibility nd see if influences understanding compared to beat/low lexical

Question 17

cohen and randall 1973

FOR CFH

Answer 17

male undergrads in face to face or intercom
explain directions on campus - vary difficulty
sig increase in iconic gestures when explain directions in face to face>intercom
- increased freq = used to facilitate understanding

Question 18

prob cohen and randall 1973

FOR CFH

Answer 18

did it improve understanding? - comprehension of listener not measured
could it be due to a change in speech? - more descriptive in intercom?
some gestures still performed in intercom: habit? social facilitatin?

Question 19

social facilitation arguement against CFH

zajonc 1965

Answer 19

gesture increase because the presence of others heightens arousal, not to facilitate understanding
may find more difficult to form speefch
- tendency to gaze away when hesitant, pauses filled by gestures thought to represent planning of semantics

Question 20

krauss et al 1995
AGAINST CFH
METHOD

Answer 20

3 exp: to what extent to spontaneous gestural accompaniments enhance communcation?

1. encode task - describe stimuli face to face or intercom ie abstract designs, synth sounds, tea
2. decode task - videos to new pps, half hear and see, half only hear
   - - measure communication accuracy (rate select correct answer_

Question 21

krauss et al 1996
AGAINST CFH
RESULTS

Answer 21

encode and decode no diff between face to face or interface
only decode of tea dlightly increase in face to face
- being able to perceive gesture notinclude message efficacy and not because less gesuring
- not redundant but may be more important for communicator than listener

Question 22

problems with looking at gesures face to face vs intercom

Answer 22

not controlling for how verbal expressions might influence

Question 23

alibali health and maters 2001
FOR CFH
METHOD

Answer 23

do speakers use diff gestures when potential to aid communication than when they dont? 
animated cartoon (s+T) to describe to other with screen or face to face
measure representational or beat freq across conditions

Question 24

alibali health and maters 2001
FOR CFH
RESULTS

Answer 24

only rpresenttions gestures produced at higher rate in face to face
75% iconic, 16% metaphorical 8% spatial dietic
beat/non narrative no diff across conditinos

no words, quality of lanuage no change across conditions

Question 25

alibali health and maters 2001 FOR CFH PROBS

Answer 25

still use representational in screen - habit? - imagined interactions? - social facilitation? - help communicator in some way? increase in face to face may only be because they are reinforced by the listener ie nodding

Question 26

alibali health and maters 2001 FOR CFH alt for representational

Answer 26

GESTURES MAY ONLY BE COMMUNICATIVE WHEN SUPPLEMENT OR MISMATCHED WITH SPEECH - gestures and speech = integrated unit dependent on speakers intentions reduction in representational in screen coincides with decreased rate of speecg, increase in filled pauses and increased dysfluency - play a role in speech production ie help conceptualise message or help lexical accesss

Question 27

alibali health and maters 2001 FOR CFH alt for beats:

Answer 27

beats slight inrease in face to face but only when bound to non narrative speech units (ie cam movement) mcneill 1992 - rep may accompany narrative and beats non narative to help the listener recog different parts of the communication

Question 28

tuite 1993 vs mcneill 1992 hyp on representational vs beats

Answer 28

tuite - beats -rhythmical pulse hyp - beats are representational without a semantic overlay mcneil - beats are non narrative and representational are narrative

Question 29

krauss, morrell-samuels and colasante 1991 for and against CFH METHOD

Answer 29

1. view gestures - what words accompany them 2. read gestures interpretations - what words accompanied them? 3. recog gestures prev seel with and without speech 4. - assign gesture to semantic categories based on g+speech or g alone

Question 30

krauss, morrell-samuels and colasante 1991 for and against CFH RESULTS

Answer 30

1. view gesture - can discriminate lexical affiliates of differential gestures above chance 2. read interpretations - jjudge gesture affiliates based on interpretation 3. recog prev seen - accuract prev above chance but worse when speech not accompany 4. judge gestural category when speech is accessible based on paralinguistic content of speech - gesture alone conveys little info - conversation gestures may convey semantic info directly related to speech but without this, little info anf imprecise - more likely to help the speaker

Question 31

graham and argyle 1975 for CFH speaker

Answer 31

speakers to desribe abstract line drawing half with gestures half prohibited accruact less accurate when prohibited

Question 32

graham and argyle 1975 probs

Answer 32

prohibitino may have interfered with capacity to speak fluently - ie white bear -o alter semantic verbalisation

Question 33

atavistic vestige or evolution theory | hewes 1973

Answer 33

gestures once conveyed meaning when speech limited in ancestors but not fully effective - helped in speech development

Question 34

dissipation of tension hyp | krauss et al 1991

Answer 34

not meaningful - relieve tension so can speak fluently | ** but do seem to have some meaning

Question 35

likely link with speech and gestures

Answer 35

gestures do convey meaning but tightly linked to speech meaning likely illusory - based on interpretation

Question 36

lexical retrieval hypothesis | rauscher et al 1996

Answer 36

speaking gestures play a rol ein the retrieval of words from lexical memory enhance acess to obscure/unfamiliar words involved in generating surface forms of utternaces

Question 37

krauss et al 1991 | lexical retrieval

Answer 37

iconic gesture derive from spatially encoded knowledge | facilitate access to lexical entries incorporated with their syntactic and semanitic info

Question 38

alt to krauss et al 1991 | lexical retrieval

Answer 38

gestures derive from non propositional representation (imagery>symbolism) in wm and assist the retrieval of forms

Question 39

information packaging hypothesis | kita 2000

Answer 39

thinking gestures represent the conceptual packaging of info before it is coded into its linguistic form involved in conceptuaal planning of the message to be verbalised (preverbal) assists speaker in packaging spatial material into appropriate units for verbalisation gestures encode and organise spatial and perceptual info

Question 40

levelt 1989 lexical retrieval hyp

Answer 40

1. gestures conceptualise a communicative intention - 2. form preverbal message preverbal transformed into a linguistic structure - entry into mental lexicon and select itsems corresponding to semantics, forms a surface structure 3. surface structure processed by phonological encoder into articulatory plan = speech

Question 41

chawla and krauss 1994 | lexical retrieval

Answer 41

in rehearsed/preplanned narratives - 72% pauses fall within grammatical junctures only 40% fall in grammatical junctures when spontaneous - reflect non juncture pauses when problems in lexical access

Question 42

Rauscher, krauss and chen 1996 lexical retrieval METHOD

Answer 42

41 undergrads 2x3 within subj x2= gesture or no gresture (elextrodes to feet or hands) x3 = free speech, obscure (use as many odd words as poss) or constraint (avoid using words with certain letter) retell cartoon of road runner to partner

Question 43

Rauscher, krauss and chen 1996 lexical retrieval DVS

Answer 43

``` transcribed speech: type ie spatial dysfluency ie pauses - grammatical or not complexity of speech coded gestures ```

Question 44

Rauscher, krauss and chen 1996 lexical retrieval FINDINGS - gestures and speech constraints

Answer 44

spatial speech increase gestures when restrained, spatiial speech more dysfluent when speech is obscure/constrained, and when gestures restrained, less filled pauses at grammatical junctures (more intraclausal dys) obscure/constraint make lexicalisation harder - use longer words, more diverse and complex verbal output constraint reduces gestures for both spatial and nonspatial speech

Question 45

Rauscher, krauss and chen 1996 lexical retrieval intraclausal dysfluencies

Answer 45

thought to be assoc with problems in lexical access, retrieval and search

Question 46

Rauscher, krauss and chen 1996 lexical retrieval FINDINGS - speech fluency

Answer 46

gestures increase verbal fluency obscure/constraint decrease verbal fluency gestures impact spatial>nonspatial - more dysfluent in spatial when restrained

Question 47

alt explanation for Rauscher, krauss and chen 1996 lexical retrieval finding that restraint and speech complexity increased intraclausal dysfluencies

Answer 47

gestural restraint may require cog effort - not srapped down - had to actively stop self - dysfluencies may be a rflection of diminished processing capacity BUT not specific to spatial content where gestures (a spatial movement) would likely interfere with this specific proces - that influences non spatial suggests not just a limited cog capacity, but something else going on **specifically the role of gestures on verbal fluency

Question 48

frick-horbury and gutentag 1998 for lexical retrieval METHOD

Answer 48

2x2 between groups x2= hand restrict of control x2= high or low verbal scores (natural ability) - pps given 20 definitions and asked to provide target word (TOT) DV: lexical retrieval and free recall hyp: if lexical - gestures increase TOT because facilitates lexical access

Question 49

frick-horbury and gutentag 1998 for lexical retrieval RESULTS

Answer 49

lex retrieval and free recall better when unrestricted gesture and high verbal ability NO INTERACTION unrestricted > restricted high verbal ability>low VA

Question 50

frick-horbury and gutentag 1998 for lexical retrieval possible explanations

Answer 50

- gestures aid lex retrieval, reduce TOT states may act as rhetorical retrieval cue motor memory assoc with lexical access

Question 51

pine bird and kirk 2007 for lexical retieval (ALT ALIBALI) METHOD

Answer 51

TOT children pic naming task restrained or not compare lexical acces

Question 52

pine bird and kirk 2007 for lexical retieval (ALT ALIBALI) RESULTS

Answer 52

lexical access reduce when restrained - less pics correct frequency of TOT not differ between conditions BUT gestures facilitate faster TOT resolve (+more correct) - facilitate lexical access no sig diff in amount of speech but did not control for quality

Question 53

pine bird and kirk 2007 for lexical retieval (ALT ALIBALI) RESULTS PROBS

Answer 53

self adaptor gestures (comforting) highest, especially for correct TOT resolves - cant be explained by authors where icionic always believed to be most important

Question 54

ravizza 2003 lexical retrieval mechanisms

Answer 54

motor system may be the mechanism wihch may facilitate lexical access help activate linguistic system

Question 55

pine bird and kirk vs ravizza motor system hyp

Answer 55

pine - there does seem to exist a different in the extent to which different gestures faciliatate lexical access - more in depth than just ~any~ motor movement

Question 56

goldin-meadau 2003 | lexical retrieval mechanisms

Answer 56

gestures reduce cog resources? | more getures when find difficult - gestures free up cog resources

Question 57

prob goldin-meadau 2003 mechanisms

Answer 57

argued more likely gestures have direct access to mental lexicon by conveying target word in visuo-spatial format

Question 58

deruiter 2000 lexical retrieval mechanisms

Answer 58

iconic gestures relate to content of lexical affiliate maintain link between word and visuo-spatial image of it ie arc = bridge maintain spatio-dynamic features of the lexical affiliate

Question 59

alibali kita young info packaging hypothesis method

Answer 59

gestures facilitate thought - help speaker packacge conceptual plan into units for verbalisation - are gestures involved in concept plan or generation of surface forms? piaget conservation - explain (conceptual demand) or describe (lexical demands) judgement

Question 60

alibali kita young info packaging hypothesis HYP

Answer 60

if lexical - no diff between tasks in gestures if info pack - diff between explain and describe - more gestures rep physcial properties and convey info not expressed in speech

Question 61

alibali kita young info packaging hypothesis TYPES OF GESTURES

Answer 61

substantiative (convey info on dimension ie shape) vs dietic gestures (convey info on JA ie pointing) + redundant (already in speech) vs nonredundant (adds new info)

Question 62

alibali kita young info packaging hypothesis RESULTS

Answer 62

surface forms of utterances comparable across tasks more substantiative/rep and more non-redundant gestures in explanation - spontaneous gestures involved in conceptual planning more gesture-speech mistmatch in explanation condition - provides info but cant verbalise

Question 63

alibali kita young info packaging hypothesis RESULTS PROB

Answer 63

still cant disprove lexical retrival | - may still occur although unlikely to be the only function of gestures

Question 64

lexical retrieval re-explained by info packagin

Answer 64

LR: more substantiative gestures when speech restricted - IP: restricted speech requires speaker to explore alt means of packaging info trying to be conveyed LR: restricting G reduce speech rate and increase non-juncture dysfluencies assoc with lexical access - IP: prohibiting makes conceptualisation of spatial info more difficult LR: asynchrony between gesture onset + lexical affiliate increases for less familiar lexical items - IP: familiarity with lexical items may also corr with reduced ability to accurately conceptualise the info being expressed - delay speech as must explore alt ways to packagin info

Question 65

LR: more substantiative gestures when speech restricted

Answer 65

IP: restricted speech requires speaker to explore alt means of packaging info trying to be conveyed

Question 66

LR: restricting G reduce speech rate and increase non-juncture dysfluencies assoc with lexical access

Answer 66

IP: prohibiting makes conceptualisation of spatial info more difficult

Question 67

LR: asynchrony between gesture onset + lexical affiliate increases for less familiar lexical items

Answer 67

IP: familiarity with lexical items may also corr with reduced ability to accurately conceptualise the info being expressed - delay speech as must explore alt ways to packagin info

Question 68

kita + ozyurek 2003 STUDY 1 interface hypothesis hyp

Answer 68

gestural expression differs across cultures - diff lang shaped by diff linguistic formulations and spatial properties gestures both conceptual and lexical but formulation is based on linguistic forms - rules of speech constrain gestures

Question 69

kita + ozyurek 2003 STUDY 1 interface hypothesis METHOD

Answer 69

USA, UK turkish and japanese speakers watch sylvester and tweety - describe to partner free to gesture coing: arc/swing, straight, left to right - describe cat swinging from post to ledge

Question 70

kita + ozyurek 2003 STUDY 1 interface hypothesis RESULTS

Answer 70

all english use swing (arc and directional) | japanese and turkish use seperate gestures to encode motion and direction STUDY 1

Question 71

kita + ozyurek 2003 STUDY 1 interface hypothesis EXPLANATION

Answer 71

swing not part of japanese or turkish language - use diff gestures to explain - not arc english have "swing" which encodes both in one

Question 72

kita + ozyurek 2003 STUDY 2 interface hypothesis METHOD

Answer 72

act of rolling own the hill - japanese use word with two connectives to explain the manner and trajectory - two diff gestures - english "roll" - one main gesture