politics Flashcards
1
Q
define political communication
A
replaced neg connoted propaganda
actions of public institutions to promote selves
2
Q
what does political communication do/use
A
promote selves via propaganda mass communication electoral analysis relation between media and opinion - look at how can influence the standpoint of a political system
3
Q
what factors influence the production and perception of non verbals in politics
A
types of NV cues
culture
context
traits/self
4
Q
channels of NVB
A
eye contact facial expressions gestures posture clothing/dress paralanguage (vocal qualities) haptic (touch) proxemics (space)
5
Q
role of direct eyecontact
A
dale and wolf 2000
emit sincerity, honesty, confidence
- show attention, dominance and know what talking about
6
Q
role of indirect eye contact
A
dale and wolf 2000
assoc with neg - trying to hide something, anxious, embarassed, ashamed
7
Q
facial expressions
A
kapacz 2006
only in humans and primates
express feelings, emotions, beliefs
- important in politices with cameras - salient
8
Q
hand gestures
A
symbolic of language and meaning
dependent on relation to speech
- illustrators (relate) or emblems (unrelate - communicate)
9
Q
hand gestures
knapp and hall 200
A
hand gestures can convey internal info about the self - ie nervousness
can be used to control the flow of conversation
10
Q
palms up hand signals
A
lack confidence
11
Q
palms down
A
decisive
12
Q
palms away from self
A
avoidance
assurance
13
Q
palms towards self
A
taking control
reference self
14
Q
steeple
A
confidence
15
Q
mouth guard
A
hiding something
thinking
deceitful / untruthful
16
Q
posture interpretation
A
thiel 1997
arms and legs crossed paired together believed to be associated with defensiveness - creating a barrier
17
Q
posture - alt to barrier
A
diff dependent on who the person is/culture
woman in arms and legs folded often conveyed as powerful, confidence
18
Q
american four
A
relaxed
confidence
self assured
expert
19
Q
arms behind back
A
depend on placement
- hand - confidence
- wrist to top of arm - less confidence
20
Q
the boss
A
hands in pockets, expressionless
confident, own the room, in control, leader
21
Q
rominiecka 2008
method
A
polish citizens
no political affiliation - majority naive
analyse 6 political figures
7Qs - competence, likeability, trustworthiness
interpret gesture meanings
22
Q
rominiecka 2008
method - stimuli
A
american four steeple boss mouth guard leaning in sitting - repeat bush - show same have diff interpretation
23
Q
rominiecka 2008
what evokes positive feelings
A
boss and sit highest
guard lowest
24
Q
rominiecka 2008
looked confidence
A
boss and sit highest
steeple lowest - suprising
25
rominiecka 2008
| looked friendly
boss and sit highest
| mouth guard lowest
26
rominiecka 2008
| looked trustworth
sit highest
| steeple and guard lowest
27
rominiecka 2008
| looked truthful
sit highest
| steeple and mouthguard lowest
28
rominiecka 2008
| what makes them look professional?
clothing rated the highest
| noticed careless details in clothes
29
rominiecka 2008
| main interpretation of american four
im marvelous
30
rominiecka 2008
| main interpretation of steeple
i dont want to speak
| 50% confidence - 74% lying
31
rominiecka 2008
| main interpretation of boss
im right
32
rominiecka 2008
| main interpretation of sitting
worried
33
rominiecka 2008
| main interpretation of moth guard
not telling the truth
34
rominiecka 2008
| main interpretation of sit and lean
success
35
rominiecka 2008
| culture
different interpretations based on cultural differences would explain why steeple seen as more negative atc
36
rominiecka 2008
| limits
onl used one woman in all politics - most liked- may be a difference
- difference based on context - pictures of politicians not on their own
familiarity bias - even if naive may recognise - need fake
only 9 pps - female - bias to gender
37
impression formaion
| mehrabien and wiener 1967
content of the message, the tone of voice and the expression are thought to be the most important factors to contribute to impression formation
when the three conflict ie expression and message - people base their interpretation predominantl on non verbals such as expression
38
define a pygmalian leader
use of self fulfilling prophecy
| leader encourages hard work and commitment through their expectations of their workers
39
pygmalian leader
| rosenthal and jocobsen
bloomers in high school - most likely to succeed
40
define transformational/charasmatic leaders
leader identifies area for imporovement, works out plan/means to meet goal/vision and encourages towards it - goal is idealised for the subordinates
motivates using charisma, rienforcement and positive nvs
41
importance of context in political nvs
matsimmoto
cultural differences across the east and west
west better at decoding emotions and expresions
and individualist cultures more expressive
42
how do different genders in high power roles interact with others
cashden
high power women x men
interacting with familiar vs strangers
females treat both the same
males smile less with strangers - means to assert dominance?
43
what do affect and emotional models tell us about people can manipulate politics
individual differences in susceptibility to appeals/campagns
use oriented messages (emotional?), props and buzzwords
ie emotive: poverty = 'suffering' 'vulnerable' 'poor'
ideological = 'education' 'self sufficiency' etc
44
dimensions of emotional responses
christ
45
what are the dimensions of emotional responses
dominance - submissiveness
pleasure - displeasure
arousal - low arousal
46
models on emotion
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
PAD temprament model
47
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
1.pleasure - displeasure
gradation of pos neg affective states
ie elation, anxiety, comfort, borefom
48
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
2. arousal - low arousal
active vs passive
mental alertness/physical activity
ie sleep, relax, exercise, competition, problem solving
49
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
3. dominance - submissiveness
feelings of control over oneself &/or others
50
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
example: violent
high displeasure
high arousal
high dominance
51
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
example: loved
high pleasure
high arousal
high submissiveness
52
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
example: boredom
low pleasure
low arousal
high submissiveness
53
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
POSITIVE
exuberant
dependent
relaxed
docile
54
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
NEGATIVE
bored
distainful
anxious
hostile
55
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
exhuberant
high pleasure
high arousal
high dominance
56
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
dependent
high pleasure
high arousal
low dominance / submissiveness
57
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
relaxed
high pleasure
low arousal
high dominance
58
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
docile
high pleasure
low arousal
low dominance / submissiveness
59
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
bored
low pleasure
low arousal
low dominance - submissiveness
60
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
distainful
low pleasure
low arousal
high dominance
61
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
anxious
low pleasure
high arousal
low dominance - submissivenes
62
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
hostile
low pleasure
high arousal
high dominance
63
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
most widely common preference for emotion
high pleasure
low arousal
high dominance (relaxed)
64
how can political campaigns relate to PAD emotion model
relation of campaign messages - threats/promises to the emotions they arouse/elicit
ie pos outcomes assoc with passage of referendum(vote)
neg outcomes assoc with defeat of referendum
65
based on mehrabian - what would a successful campaign generally use
exhuberant, relaxed or docile emotions assoc with personality, communication style, position on issues and contextual background (assoc with family and political assoc)
- positive overall
66
based on mehrabian - what emotions would be used to put component in worse light? make them unsuccessful?
cast as anxious, hostile or bored
| - feelings of distain to opposition
67
why must politicians be cautious in putting their opponent in a bad light? how can you prevent it?
garramone
can elicit negative connotations onto the messenger
reduce by conveying the message via organisations unattached/not directly assoc with the political campaign/candidate
68
hillary and trump anecdotal - how are they conveyed and how do they convey one another?
trump - highly arousing, high dominance, low pleasure (for some) - high emotion
hillary - low arousal, high dominance, high pleasure - should be better
BUT
trump on hillary - makes appear: low dominance, low pleasure, low arousal
hillary on trump - makes appear: low pleasure, high arousal, high dominance
69
techniques which can eleicit affective reactions in voters
valdez and mehrabian
communicate exhuberance or relaxation (pleasant, expressive, confident, slow paced (relax)
NV cues - style, pace, volume, fluency, proxemics, gestures, expression
advertidements - buzz words, colours, subject matter/content
70
how can music influence affective reactions / what music elicits what
ads/appearances
excitement/agility converyed by pleasant music and a lot of info ie complex, varied, novel
calming/relaxating by pleasant and less info
71
how might music help to elicit dominance
eliciting synchrony of ingroup actions:
singing, marching, clapping
- increase liking and rapport
72
how might music help to elicit submissiveness
introductory/fan fare music
ie brass
cue of high status
73
synchrony - self disclosure
| how could this be used in a political campaign
vacherkulksernsuk
self disclore = emobdied rapport mediated via synchron
- political campaigner get understanding of their voters/how they feel
- use music to synch to - reflects tone of political stances
- assoc with heightened embodied rapport with politician
74
how might different political stances be conveyed in PAD framework?
libertatian - more freedom, success and growth - heighten dominance
totalitarian - portray issues as failures and as beyond individual control - yield anxiety/anger
conservatives - government reg is oppressive, and costly (anger, anxiety) whilst liberal : safe and secure (relaxing, docile)
75
what is the PAD temperament model
targetting towards specific people - distinguishing transient and predispositional affect ie emotions vs traits/stable mood
individuals are attracted to situations which are similar to their own temperament model
76
PAD temperament model
1. trait pleasure - displeasure
tendency to dwell within a pos/neg state
77
PAD temperament model
2. trait arousal
strength and duration of emotional arousal to pos/neg stimuli
78
PAD temperament model
3. trait dominance - submissiveness
tendency to feel in or out of control of oneself and or surroundings
79
what affinities are commonly observed between voter temperament and political leader affinities?
siegelman + siegelman
pre-female in women
pro white male in white males
pro black in black
80
what does electoral success often present
winter
| electorial success in americal presidency
presents the voter profile and motives at the time of the election
81
efficiency of political messages on personality domains
agreeableness = trait pleasure
mysticism = trait arousal
(belief in vague, unfounded concepts)
exhibition/autonomy = trait dominance
(centre of attention)
82
what traits are motivated by the promise of pleasure and dominance?
conscientious (high pleasure, high dominance)
| extroverted (high pleasure, high dominance)
83
what traits are motivated by low pleasure, dominance?
depressed and neurotic (low pleasure and dominance - neurotic also high arousal)
84
demographic correlates in age
elderly less dominance and achievement oriented
| freedom, economic + social more influential when young
85
gender correlates
men lower arousal and higher dominance
| women higher arousal - more empathetic
86
what tpes of campaigns might women be attracted to
complex message, flambouant, expressive and appealing
87
what tpes of campaigns might men be attracted to
freedom campaigns
| assertions of dominance
