politics Flashcards
define political communication
replaced neg connoted propaganda
actions of public institutions to promote selves
what does political communication do/use
promote selves via propaganda mass communication electoral analysis relation between media and opinion - look at how can influence the standpoint of a political system
what factors influence the production and perception of non verbals in politics
types of NV cues
culture
context
traits/self
channels of NVB
eye contact facial expressions gestures posture clothing/dress paralanguage (vocal qualities) haptic (touch) proxemics (space)
role of direct eyecontact
dale and wolf 2000
emit sincerity, honesty, confidence
- show attention, dominance and know what talking about
role of indirect eye contact
dale and wolf 2000
assoc with neg - trying to hide something, anxious, embarassed, ashamed
facial expressions
kapacz 2006
only in humans and primates
express feelings, emotions, beliefs
- important in politices with cameras - salient
hand gestures
symbolic of language and meaning
dependent on relation to speech
- illustrators (relate) or emblems (unrelate - communicate)
hand gestures
knapp and hall 200
hand gestures can convey internal info about the self - ie nervousness
can be used to control the flow of conversation
palms up hand signals
lack confidence
palms down
decisive
palms away from self
avoidance
assurance
palms towards self
taking control
reference self
steeple
confidence
mouth guard
hiding something
thinking
deceitful / untruthful
posture interpretation
thiel 1997
arms and legs crossed paired together believed to be associated with defensiveness - creating a barrier
posture - alt to barrier
diff dependent on who the person is/culture
woman in arms and legs folded often conveyed as powerful, confidence
american four
relaxed
confidence
self assured
expert
arms behind back
depend on placement
- hand - confidence
- wrist to top of arm - less confidence
the boss
hands in pockets, expressionless
confident, own the room, in control, leader
rominiecka 2008
method
polish citizens
no political affiliation - majority naive
analyse 6 political figures
7Qs - competence, likeability, trustworthiness
interpret gesture meanings
rominiecka 2008
method - stimuli
american four steeple boss mouth guard leaning in sitting - repeat bush - show same have diff interpretation
rominiecka 2008
what evokes positive feelings
boss and sit highest
guard lowest
rominiecka 2008
looked confidence
boss and sit highest
steeple lowest - suprising
rominiecka 2008
looked friendly
boss and sit highest
mouth guard lowest
rominiecka 2008
looked trustworth
sit highest
steeple and guard lowest
rominiecka 2008
looked truthful
sit highest
steeple and mouthguard lowest
rominiecka 2008
what makes them look professional?
clothing rated the highest
noticed careless details in clothes
rominiecka 2008
main interpretation of american four
im marvelous
rominiecka 2008
main interpretation of steeple
i dont want to speak
50% confidence - 74% lying
rominiecka 2008
main interpretation of boss
im right
rominiecka 2008
main interpretation of sitting
worried
rominiecka 2008
main interpretation of moth guard
not telling the truth
rominiecka 2008
main interpretation of sit and lean
success
rominiecka 2008
culture
different interpretations based on cultural differences would explain why steeple seen as more negative atc
rominiecka 2008
limits
onl used one woman in all politics - most liked- may be a difference
- difference based on context - pictures of politicians not on their own
familiarity bias - even if naive may recognise - need fake
only 9 pps - female - bias to gender
impression formaion
mehrabien and wiener 1967
content of the message, the tone of voice and the expression are thought to be the most important factors to contribute to impression formation
when the three conflict ie expression and message - people base their interpretation predominantl on non verbals such as expression
define a pygmalian leader
use of self fulfilling prophecy
leader encourages hard work and commitment through their expectations of their workers
pygmalian leader
rosenthal and jocobsen
bloomers in high school - most likely to succeed
define transformational/charasmatic leaders
leader identifies area for imporovement, works out plan/means to meet goal/vision and encourages towards it - goal is idealised for the subordinates
motivates using charisma, rienforcement and positive nvs
importance of context in political nvs
matsimmoto
cultural differences across the east and west
west better at decoding emotions and expresions
and individualist cultures more expressive
how do different genders in high power roles interact with others
cashden
high power women x men
interacting with familiar vs strangers
females treat both the same
males smile less with strangers - means to assert dominance?
what do affect and emotional models tell us about people can manipulate politics
individual differences in susceptibility to appeals/campagns
use oriented messages (emotional?), props and buzzwords
ie emotive: poverty = ‘suffering’ ‘vulnerable’ ‘poor’
ideological = ‘education’ ‘self sufficiency’ etc
dimensions of emotional responses
christ
what are the dimensions of emotional responses
dominance - submissiveness
pleasure - displeasure
arousal - low arousal
models on emotion
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
PAD temprament model
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
1.pleasure - displeasure
gradation of pos neg affective states
ie elation, anxiety, comfort, borefom
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
2. arousal - low arousal
active vs passive
mental alertness/physical activity
ie sleep, relax, exercise, competition, problem solving
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
3. dominance - submissiveness
feelings of control over oneself &/or others
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
example: violent
high displeasure
high arousal
high dominance
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
example: loved
high pleasure
high arousal
high submissiveness
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
example: boredom
low pleasure
low arousal
high submissiveness
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
POSITIVE
exuberant
dependent
relaxed
docile
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
NEGATIVE
bored
distainful
anxious
hostile
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
exhuberant
high pleasure
high arousal
high dominance
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
dependent
high pleasure
high arousal
low dominance / submissiveness
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
relaxed
high pleasure
low arousal
high dominance
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
docile
high pleasure
low arousal
low dominance / submissiveness
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
bored
low pleasure
low arousal
low dominance - submissiveness
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
distainful
low pleasure
low arousal
high dominance
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
anxious
low pleasure
high arousal
low dominance - submissivenes
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
8 basic categories of emotion
hostile
low pleasure
high arousal
high dominance
mehrabian
PAD emotion model
most widely common preference for emotion
high pleasure
low arousal
high dominance (relaxed)
how can political campaigns relate to PAD emotion model
relation of campaign messages - threats/promises to the emotions they arouse/elicit
ie pos outcomes assoc with passage of referendum(vote)
neg outcomes assoc with defeat of referendum
based on mehrabian - what would a successful campaign generally use
exhuberant, relaxed or docile emotions assoc with personality, communication style, position on issues and contextual background (assoc with family and political assoc)
- positive overall
based on mehrabian - what emotions would be used to put component in worse light? make them unsuccessful?
cast as anxious, hostile or bored
- feelings of distain to opposition
why must politicians be cautious in putting their opponent in a bad light? how can you prevent it?
garramone
can elicit negative connotations onto the messenger
reduce by conveying the message via organisations unattached/not directly assoc with the political campaign/candidate
hillary and trump anecdotal - how are they conveyed and how do they convey one another?
trump - highly arousing, high dominance, low pleasure (for some) - high emotion
hillary - low arousal, high dominance, high pleasure - should be better
BUT
trump on hillary - makes appear: low dominance, low pleasure, low arousal
hillary on trump - makes appear: low pleasure, high arousal, high dominance
techniques which can eleicit affective reactions in voters
valdez and mehrabian
communicate exhuberance or relaxation (pleasant, expressive, confident, slow paced (relax)
NV cues - style, pace, volume, fluency, proxemics, gestures, expression
advertidements - buzz words, colours, subject matter/content
how can music influence affective reactions / what music elicits what
ads/appearances
excitement/agility converyed by pleasant music and a lot of info ie complex, varied, novel
calming/relaxating by pleasant and less info
how might music help to elicit dominance
eliciting synchrony of ingroup actions:
singing, marching, clapping
- increase liking and rapport
how might music help to elicit submissiveness
introductory/fan fare music
ie brass
cue of high status
synchrony - self disclosure
how could this be used in a political campaign
vacherkulksernsuk
self disclore = emobdied rapport mediated via synchron
- political campaigner get understanding of their voters/how they feel
- use music to synch to - reflects tone of political stances
- assoc with heightened embodied rapport with politician
how might different political stances be conveyed in PAD framework?
libertatian - more freedom, success and growth - heighten dominance
totalitarian - portray issues as failures and as beyond individual control - yield anxiety/anger
conservatives - government reg is oppressive, and costly (anger, anxiety) whilst liberal : safe and secure (relaxing, docile)
what is the PAD temperament model
targetting towards specific people - distinguishing transient and predispositional affect ie emotions vs traits/stable mood
individuals are attracted to situations which are similar to their own temperament model
PAD temperament model
- trait pleasure - displeasure
tendency to dwell within a pos/neg state
PAD temperament model
- trait arousal
strength and duration of emotional arousal to pos/neg stimuli
PAD temperament model
- trait dominance - submissiveness
tendency to feel in or out of control of oneself and or surroundings
what affinities are commonly observed between voter temperament and political leader affinities?
siegelman + siegelman
pre-female in women
pro white male in white males
pro black in black
what does electoral success often present
winter
electorial success in americal presidency
presents the voter profile and motives at the time of the election
efficiency of political messages on personality domains
agreeableness = trait pleasure
mysticism = trait arousal
(belief in vague, unfounded concepts)
exhibition/autonomy = trait dominance
(centre of attention)
what traits are motivated by the promise of pleasure and dominance?
conscientious (high pleasure, high dominance)
extroverted (high pleasure, high dominance)
what traits are motivated by low pleasure, dominance?
depressed and neurotic (low pleasure and dominance - neurotic also high arousal)
demographic correlates in age
elderly less dominance and achievement oriented
freedom, economic + social more influential when young
gender correlates
men lower arousal and higher dominance
women higher arousal - more empathetic
what tpes of campaigns might women be attracted to
complex message, flambouant, expressive and appealing
what tpes of campaigns might men be attracted to
freedom campaigns
assertions of dominance
