Theoretical Basis of Care Flashcards
Erik Erikson: Trust Vs. Mistrust
-Infancy (birth - 1 year)
-Ability to form meaningful relationships, hope about the future, trust in others
Erik Erikson: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
-Early childhood (1-3 years)
-Self-control, self-esteem, willpower
Erik Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt
-Late childhood (3-6 years)
-Self-directed behavior, goal formation, sense of purpose
Erik Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority
-School-age (6-12 years)
-Ability to work, sense of competency and achievement
Erik Erikson: Identity vs. Role Confusion
-Adolescence (12-10 years)
-Personal sense of identity
Erik Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation
-Early adulthood (20-25 years):
-Committed relationships, capacity to love
Erik Erikson: Generativity vs. Self-Absorption or Stagnation
-Middle adulthood (35-65 years)
-Ability to give time and talents to others, ability to care for others
Erik Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair
-Late adulthood (>65):
-Fulfillment and comfort with life, willingness to face death, insight and balanced perspectives on life’s events
Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) Theory
-Sigmund Freud
-Focus on concepts of intrapsychic conflict among the structures of the mind
-Assumes that all behavior is purposeful and meaningful
-Instincts, urges, or fantasies function as drives that motivate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Principle of Psychic Determinism
Even apparently meaningless, random, or accidental behavior is actually motivated by underlying unconscious mental content
ID
-Contains primary dives or instincts, urges, or fantasies; drives are largely unconscious, sexual, or aggressive in content
-Pleasure principle - seeks immediate satisfaction
-“I want”
Ego
-External reality
-Rational mind
-Adaptation
-“I think, I evaluate”
Super Ego
-Ego-ideal
-Sense of conscious
-Aspirations, ideals, morals
-“I should or ought”
Cognitive Theory
-Jean Piaget
-Human development evolves through cognition, learning, and comprehending
Cognitive Theory: Sensorimotor
-Birth - 2 years
-Object permanence
-Ability to understand that objects have an existence independent of the child’s involvement with them
Cognitive Theory: Preoperational
-2-7 years
-More extensive use of language and symbolisms
-Magical thinking
Cognitive Theory: Concrete Operational
-17-12 years:
-Logic
-Develops concepts of reversibility and conservation
Cognitive Theory: Formal Operational
-12 years - adult
-Ability to think abstractly
-Thinking operates in a formal, logical manner
Interpersonal Theory
-Harry Sullivan
-Behavior occurs because of one’s interpersonal dynamics
-Interpersonal relationships and experiences influence one’s personality
Interpersonal Development: Infancy
-Birth - 18 months
-Oral gratification; anxiety occurs for the first time
Interpersonal Development: Childhood
-18 months - 6 years
-Delayed gratification
Interpersonal Development: Juvenile
-6-9 years
-Forming peer relationships
Interpersonal Development: Preadolescence
-9-12 years
-Same-sex relationships
Interpersonal Development: Early adolescence
-12-14 years
-Opposite-sex relationships
Interpersonal Development: Late adolescence
-14-21 years
-Self-identity developed
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
-Abraham Maslow
-Focus on health over illness
-Certain needs are more important than others
1. Survival
2. Safety and security
3. Love and belonging
4. Self-esteem
5. Self-actualization
Health Belief Model
-Marshall Becker
-Healthy people do not always take advantage of screening or preventative programs
—Perception of susceptibility
—Seriousness of illness
—Perceived benefits of treatment
—Perceived barriers to change
—Expectations of efficacy
Transtheoretical Model of Change: Precontemplation
No intention to change
Transtheoretical Model of Change: Contemplation
-Thinking about changing
-Is aware that there is a problem but not committed to changing
Transtheoretical Model of Change: Preparation
-Made the decision to change
-Ready for action
Transtheoretical Model of Change: Action
Engaging in specific, overt actions to change
Transtheoretical Model of Change: Maintenance
Engaging in behaviors to prevent relapse
Motivational Interviewing
-Focused, goal-directive therapy
-Motivation is elicited from the client
-Builds on Transtheoretical Model
Self-Efficacy and Social Learning Theory
-Albert Bandura
-Behavior is the result of cognitive and environmental factors
-People lear by observing others
Theory of Cultural Care
-Madeline Leininger
-Regardless of the culture, care is the unifying focus and the essence of nursing
Theory of Self-Care
-Dorothy Orem
-Self-Care: Activities that maintain life, health, and well-being
Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship Theory (Interpersonal Theory)
-Hildegard Peplau
-Nursing is an interpersonal process in which all interventions occur within the context of the nurse-client relationship
-Behavior represents the person trying to adapt to internal or environmental forces
Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship
- Orientation phase
- Working phase: (identification, exploitation)
- Termination phase (resolution)
Caring Theory
-Jean Watson
-Caring is essential to nursing
-Carative factors, care that potentiates the therapeutic healing and relationship, should be implemented
Social Learning Theory
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation
