Professional Role and Health Policy

Question 1

Mediation

Answer 1

Voluntary and confidential process in which a third party facilitates discussions to reach an agreement

Question 2

Arbitration

Answer 2

Process in which a third party reviews evidence from both sides and makes a decision to settle the case

Question 3

Professional Civility

Answer 3

Behavior that shows respect toward another person

Question 4

PICO

Answer 4

-Patient, population of patients, problem
-Intervention
-Comparison (another treatment or therapy, placebo)
-Outcome

Question 5

Qualitative Hierarchy

Answer 5

-Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analysis, or systematic review
-Evidenced-based guidelines based on systematic review
-Evidence from RCT without randomization
-Evidence from systemic review of descriptive and qualitative studies
-Evidence from expert opinion or committee reports

Question 6

Quantitative Hierarchy

Answer 6

-Evidence from systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies
-Evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study
-Evidence from expert opinion or committee
-Evidence-based guidelines based on systematic review of RCTs
-Evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization
-Systematic reviews or meta-analysis
-Evidence from at least one well-designed RCT

Question 7

Internal Validity

Answer 7

The independent variable (the treatment) caused a change in the dependent variable (the outcome)

Question 8

External Validity

Answer 8

The sample is representative of the population and the results can be generalized

Question 9

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 9

-Used to describe the basic features of the data in the study
-Numerical values that summarize, organize, and describe observations
-Can be generated by either quantitative or qualitative studies
-Mean, standard deviation, variance

Question 10

Mean

Answer 10

Average of scores

Question 11

Standard Deviation

Answer 11

Indication of the possible deviations from the mean

Question 12

Variance

Answer 12

-How the values are dispersed around the mean
-The large the variance, the larger the dispersion of scores

Question 13

Inferential Statistics

Answer 13

-Numerical values that enable one to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone
-Generated by quantitative research designs
-t test, Analysis of cariance (ANOVA), Pearson’s r correlation, Probability, P value

Question 14

t test

Answer 14

Assesses whether the means of the two groups are statistically different from each other

Question 15

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Answer 15

Tests the differences among three or more groups

Question 16

Pearson’s r correlation

Answer 16

Tests the relationship between two variables

Question 17

Probability

Answer 17

-Likelihood of an event occurring
-Lies between 0 and 1
-An impossible event as a probability of 0 and a certain event has a probability of 1

Question 18

P value

Answer 18

-Also known as level of significance
-Describes the probability of a particular result occurring by chance along
-If P =0.1, there is a 1% probability of obtaining a result by chance alone

Question 19

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

Answer 19

Ensure:
-Risks to participants are minimized
-Participant selection is equitable
-Adverse events are reported and risks and benefits are reevaluated
-Informed consent is obtained and documented
-Data and safety monitoring plans are implemented when indicated
-Rights and welfare of human research participants are protected
*Has the authority to approve, require modification, or disapprove of any research activities

Question 20

Quality Improvement: PDSA

Answer 20

-Plan: Plan the change
-Do: Carry out the plan
-Study: Examine the results
-Act: Decide what actions will improve the process

Question 21

Access to Care

Answer 21

-Client-centered model
-Healthcare services should be coordinated and directed by a single physician or other provider
-Clients can access services from multiple entry points
-Services can be located in the same facility or an integrated care network of providers in different locations

Question 22

Health Effectiveness Data Information Sets (HEDIS)

Answer 22

1. Antidepressant medications management
2. Follow-up care for children prescribed ADHD medications
3. Follow-up after hospitalizations for mental illness
4. Diabetes screening for people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who are using antipsychotic medications
5. Diabetes monitoring for people with diabetes and schizophrenia
6. Cardiovascular monitoring for people with cardiovascular disease and schizophrenia
7. Adherence to antipsychotic medications for individuals with schizophrenia
8. Use of multiple concurrent antipsychotics in children and adolescents
9. Metabolic monitoring for children and adolescents on antipsychotic medications
10. Use of first-line psychosocial care for children and adolescents on antipsychotic medications
11. Mental health utilization

Question 23

Patient-Centered Care Model

Answer 23

-Welcoming environment
-Respect for clients’ values and expressed needs
-Client empowerment or “activation”
-Sociocultural competence
-Coordination and integration of care
-Comfort and support
-Access and navigation skills
-Community outreach

Question 24

Health Policy Development

Answer 24

-Process: formulation, implementation, evaluation
-Policy: changes in programs and practices
-Policy environment: are the process takes place in (government, media, public)
-Policy makers: key players and stakeholders

Question 25

Branches of Law

Answer 25

-Executive: implement law
-Legislative: initial formulation
-Judicial: interpret law