theoretical background Flashcards

1
Q

inductive arguments

A

argument incorporating the claim that
>it is improbable that the conclusion be false
> given that the premises are true

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2
Q

deductive arguments

A

argument incorporating the claim that:
> it is impossible for the conclusion to be false
> given that the premises are true

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3
Q

what are examples of deductive argument forms?

A
  • argument based on maths
  • agrument from definition
  • categroical syllogism (all, no, some)
  • hypotheical syllogism (if… then)
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4
Q

what are examples of inductive argument forms?

A
  • prediction
  • argument from anaolgy
  • generalisation
  • agrument from authority
  • argument basde on signs
  • causal inference
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5
Q

how can deductive arguments be evaluated?

A

> valid deductive argument
= impossible for the conclusion to be false, given that the premises are true

> invalid deductive argument
= possible for the conclusion to be false, given that the premises are true -> conclusion does not follow with strict necessity from premises

> sound argument
= deductive argument that is true and has all true premises

> unsound argument
= deductive argument that is either
(1) invalid
(2) has one or more false premises
(3) both

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6
Q

how can inductive arguments be evaluated?

A

> strong inductive argument
= inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false, given that the premises are true

> weak inductive argument
= argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises

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7
Q

what do inductive arguments depend on?

A
  • uniformity of nature
    = future tends to replicate the part and regularities in one region tend to prevail in other regions
    = ultimate basis for our judgements, about what we naturally expect to occur
  • total evidence requirement:
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8
Q

what is the total evidence requirement

A

premises must not exclude or overlook some crucial piece of evidence that undermines the stated premises and requires a different conclusion

> cogent argument (meets)
= strong + all true premises
uncogent argument (doesn´t meet)
= weak + one or more false premises

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9
Q

what does distribution refer to?

A

a term (subject/ predicate) is distributed if the statement includes every member of a group

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10
Q

when is P distributed?

A

E
O

(right row)

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11
Q

when is S distributed?

A

A
E

(upper row)

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12
Q
A
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