concepts Flashcards
what are universal affirmative propositions?
All, every
A
what are universal negative propositions?
none
E
what are particular affirmative propositions?
some
I
what are particular negative propositions?
some not
O
what does “A” mean?
universal affirmative
all, every
what does “E” mean?
universal negative
none
what does “I” mean?
particular affirmative
some
what does “O” mean?
particular negative
some not
what is figure 1 in categorical syllogisms?
MP
SM
—–
SP
what is figure 2 in categorical syllogisms?
PM
SM
—–
SP
what is figure 3 in categorical syllogisms?
MP
MS
—–
SP
what is figure 4 in categorical syllogisms?
PM
MS
—–
SP
what are the rules of the logical square?
- contrary & contradictory relations are mutually exclusive
- contradictory propositions are opposites
- contrary propositions cannot be true at the same time, but can be false, or different at the same time
- subcontrary related statements can both be true, or different, but NOT both be wrong at the same time
logical square:
if the universal preposition is true…
the subaltern is true
logical square:
if the universal proposition is false…
nothing can be said about the particular proposition
logical square:
if the subaltern is false…
the universal proposition is false
logical square:
if the particular proposition is true…
nothing can be said about the universal proposition
what is a the form of a syllogism?
predicate, subject, middle term
=> predicate = major
=> subject = minor
what is a conversion?
switching subject and predicate terms in a categorical proposition
all A are B –> All B are A
In a categorical proposition, when completing a CONVERSION, which statements are correct?
- I
- E
What is an obversion?
changing the quality and replacing the predicate with term compliment in a categorical proposition
All A are B –> No A are non-B
In a categorical proposition, when completing a OBVERSION, which statements are correct?
all statements (A, E, I, O)
what is a contraposition?
switching the subject and the predicate term, and replacing each with its term compliment in a categorical proposition
All A are B –> All none-B are none-A
In a categorical proposition, when completing a CONTRAPOSITION, which statements are correct?
- A
- O
what are valid syllogism diagrams?
FIGURE 1
- AAA
- EAE
- AII
- EIO
what are valid syllogism diagrams?
FIGURE 2
- EAE
- AEE
- EIO
- AOO
What are valid syllogism diagrams?
FIGURE 3
- IAI
- AII
- OAO
- EIO
What are valid syllogism diagrams?
FIGURE 4
- EIO
- AEE
- IAI
What are conditionally valid syllogism diagrams?
FIGURE 1
- AAI -> S
- EAO -> S
what are conditionally valid syllogism diagrams?
FIGURE 2
- AEO -> S
- EAO -> S
what are conditionally valid syllogism diagrams?
FIGURE 3
- AAI -> M
- EAO -> M
what is the major premise?
- is the predicate
- the first row in a syllogism
what is the minor premise?
- the subject
- the second row in a syllogism