Theoretical Approaches Flashcards
1
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
- Medical Degree from University of Vienna
- Austrian Neurologist
- Founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology
- “the father of psychoanalysis” or Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
2
Q
Josef Breuer
A
- Austrian physician
- foundation of psychoanalysis (friend of Freud)
- Anna O : symptoms reduced or disappeared after she described them
- Focused on fantasies, hysteria, and catharsis
3
Q
Jean-Martin Charcot
A
- French neurologist
- “founder of modern neurology”
- Interested in patients who had symptoms that mimicked general paralysis due to syphilis
- Found patients with symptoms but no physical cause
4
Q
Freud’s Pathology
A
- Significant psychosomatic disorders
- Exaggerated fears of dying and phobias
- Studied own dreams
- Realized intense hostility for father
- Sexual feelings for mother
5
Q
Freud’s View of Human Nature
A
- Deterministic: our behavior is driven by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives
- Life instincts: energy (libido: sexual)
- Death instincts: unconscious wish to die or hurt others
6
Q
Id
A
- Primitive biological drives
- All Id at birth
- Pleasure principle: seeks pleasure, ignores logic and morality
- Sexual drive permeates the entire personality
7
Q
Ego
A
- Mediates between Id & forces restricting Id
- Reality principle: you get what you want realistically (safe & effective)
- Results in development of higher functions (language, perception, learning, discrimination, memory, judgment, planning)
8
Q
Superego
A
- Internalized moral standards of society
- “conscience”
- Rigid Demands to conform to moral ideas
- No more in touch with reality than the Id
- Embraces abstract moral ideals and standards
- Demands sexual and aggressive impulses of Id to be stifled to conform
9
Q
Freudian Theory
A
- Almost all mental activity is unconscious
- Perceptual conscious: narrow range of mental events in which a person is aware at any given instant
- Repression is active forgetting
- Tool of interpretation (manifest v. latent content)
10
Q
Psychodynamic Perspective
A
- Dynamics are interactions of forces lying deep within the mind
- Psychic determinism - behavior is determined by the nature and strength of intrapsychic forces
11
Q
Hysteria
A
- A physical impairment with no physical cause
- Defense against unbearable thoughts or memories
- “wandering uterus”
- Treated with hypnosis
12
Q
Defense Mechanisms
A
- Conflicts between id, ego, and superego produce unconscious anxiety
- Ego distorts or denies reality to reduce anxiety
13
Q
Repression
A
Expelling disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness
14
Q
Denial
A
Refusing to acknowledge some painful aspect of external reality or subjective experience that would be apparent to others
15
Q
Projection
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Falsely attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings onto another person
16
Q
Displacement
A
Dealing with an emotional conflict or stressor by transferring their feelings about one object onto a less threatening object
17
Q
Rationalization
A
Individual comes up with self-serving but incorrect explanations for their thoughts or behavior
18
Q
Isolation
A
Keeping it to yourself
19
Q
Intellectualization
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Reasoning - used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict & its associated emotional stress where thinking = used to avoid feeling
20
Q
Reaction Formation
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Substituting thoughts or feelings diametrically opposed to your unacceptable ones
21
Q
Regression
A
Reverting to former state
22
Q
Undoing
A
Magically dispelling negative experiences
23
Q
Sublimation
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The individual deals with emotional conflict or stressors by channeling maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior
24
Q
Stages of Psychosexual Development
A
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
25
Oral Stage (1)
- Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, chewing, biting
- Infant needs to receive basic nurturing or feelings of greediness develop
- Personality issues if needs not met: mistrust of others, rejecting others, inability to form intimate relationships
26
Anal Stage (1-3)
- Pleasure in feces release and frustration in toilet training
- Learning independence
- Accepting personal power
- Learning to express negative feelings such as rage and aggression
- Parental discipline patterns and attitudes have significant consequences for child's later personality
27
Phallic Stage (3-6)
- Pleasure zone is genitals
| - Unconscious incestuous desires for parent of the opposite sex (Oedipus & Electra Complex)
28
Latency Stage (6-12)
- This period is relatively quiet
- No psychosexual development
- Sexual interests are replaced with interests in school, friends, sports, and new activities
- A time of socialization
29
Genital Stage (12-18)
- Begins puberty
- Early years lay down character structure of people
- The focus is again on genitals, but energy expressed with adult sexuality
- Gratification may include the formation of love, relationships, and families, or acceptance of responsibilities associated with adulthood
- Ultimate goal os maturity is "to love and to work"
30
Therapist Function in psychoanalysis
- "Blank Screen" (Tabula Rasa)
| - Maintain neutrality --> introspection, help patient deal with anxiety
31
Therapeutic Techniques (psychoanalysis)
- Free association
- Dream interpretation - "royal road to the unconscious"
- Analysis of resistance
- Analysis of transference
- Hypnosis
- Electrotherapy
32
Carl Jung
- Swiss psychiatrist
- "Analytic psychology" or Jungian - human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion
- Disagreed with Freud on nature of libido
- Collective unconscious - contains archetypes or symbols expressing universal human experiences
33
Jungian Archetypes
Innate, universal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpret observations
34
The Self
the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation
35
The Shadow
the opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities that the ego does not identify with but posses nonetheless
36
The Anima
the feminine image in a man's psyche
37
The Animus
the masculine imagine in a woman's psyche
38
The Persona
how we present to the world, usually protects the Ego from negative images (like a mask)
39
Alfred Adler
- First major figure to break away from psychoanalysis
| - Inferiority complex
40
Existential Therapy
- Denying true self
- Finding meaning in life
- Therapy helps patient: discover why they are anxious, manage anxiety, make new and healthy choices
- Frankl, May, Yalom
41
Existentialism
- 19th-20th century philosophers
- Focus on conditions of existence of the individual person and his or her emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts
- "Find oneself" and live by this self
- Rejects determinism: free to decide
42
Soren Kierkegaard
- Father of existentialism
- The individual is solely responsible for giving his own life meaning
- Danish philosopher, theologian, and psychologist
43
Friedrich Nietzche
- German philosopher
- He wrote on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science
- Influenced existentialism
- "He who has a why to live can bear almost any how"
- "That which does not kill me makes me stronger"
44
Viktor Emil Frankl
- Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist
- Holocaust survivor
- Founder of logotherapy (therapy through meaning)
- Knew Freud, student of Adler
45
According to Frankl
We can discover meaning of life
- By doing a deed
- By experiencing a value - nature, a work of art, another person
- By suffering
46
Paradoxical intention
- The deliberate practice of a neurotic habit or thought, undertaken in order to identify and remove it
47
Rollo May
- American Psychologist
| - Love and Will: awareness of death is essential to life, rather than being opposed to life
48
Irvin Yalom
- Existentialist and psychotherapist
- Taught about group psychotherapy and developing his model of existential psychotherapy
- Individuals create own predicament --> power to change it
49
Key Concepts of Existentialism
- Have a capacity for self awareness
| - Seeking freedom and taking responsibility
50
Existential Vacuum
- Meaninglessness
| - Feeling trapped by the emptiness
51
Existentialism (Therapist & Client)
- The quality of the interaction is of significance
- The core of the relationship is respect
- Therapists model authenticity
52
Person-Centered Therapy
- Rogerian Therapy (Carl Rogers)
- comfortable, non-judgmental environment created with genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard
- Safe space for patients to examine own thoughts
53
Carl Rogers
- Person Centered Therapy
| - Close & warm with parents but strict religious standards
54
Unconditional positive regard
- A blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does
- Humanist therapists seek to help their clients accept and take responsibility for themselves
55
Gestalt Therapy
- "Wholeness"
- Figure Ground
- Focuses more on process (what is actually happening)
56
Theory of Gestalt Therapy
- Beginnings in middle of 20th century
- One must be understood in the context of their relationships and environment
- The here and now
- The what and now
- Process, not content
57
Fritz Perls
- Psychiatrist and psychotherapist
- Trained in psychoanalysis
- Coined the term "Gestalt therapy"
- Conducted workshops in Big Sur
58
Abraham Maslow
- Lonely and unhappy childhood in Brooklyn
- Worked under Harry Harlow (wire vs. cloth mother)
- Humanistic psychology (every person has a strong desire to realize his or her full potential)
59
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
- Fundamental needs (safety & physiological)
- Psychological needs (esteem & belongingness)
- Self-actualization needs (Fulfill one's unique potential)
60
Behavioral psychology
- Study behavior
- Behavior can and must be observable and measurable
- Prediction and control of behavior
- Real causes of behavior might be found outside rather than inside
61
ABC's of Behavioral Observation
A: Antecedents - events in environment
B: Behaviors - thinking, experiencing, intentions
C: Consequences - events in the environment
62
Ivan Pavlov
- Russian neurophysiologist
- Simple learning process
- Classic conditioning - what happens before/pairing
63
Classical conditioning
```
Pavlov's dogs
UCS: food
UCR: salivation
CS: Bell
CR: salivation
```
64
John Watson
- American psychologist
- Founded behavioral movement
- Little Albert
65
Edward Lee Thorndike
- Interested in relationship between behavior and its consequences
- The Law of Effect: responses that lead to satisfying consequences are strengthened, responses that lead to unsatisfying consequences are weakened
66
B.F. Skinner
- American psychologist
- Radical behaviorism - everything a person does, says, and feels constitutes behavior and even if we can't observe it, it can be subjected to experiments
- Operant conditioning - use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior
67
Operant Conditioning
- Social environments filled with reinforcing and punishing consequences
- Most behavior based on external contingencies
= Contingencies can be altered to change our behavior
- Skinner Box
68
Premack principle
High probability behavior could be used to reinforce low probability behavior (i.e. finish veggies, get ice cream)
69
Reinforcement
- Likelihood of a behavior increases as a result of environmental consequences
- Primary (food, water, sex) vs. conditioned (associations learned)
70
Positive reinforcement
Behavior increases due to its consequence (praise)
71
Negative reinforcement
- Behavior increases due to the avoidance/removal of an aversive consequence
- Escape learning
72
Continuous Reinforcement
- Best to initially strengthen behavior
73
Intermittent Reinforcement
- More efficient in maintaining a behavior once it has been established
74
Punishment
- Suppression of behavior
| - Likelihood of a behavior decreases following an aversive consequence
75
Extinction
e.g. temper tantrums
76
Generalization
- Little Albert and rabbits, dogs, sealskin coats, and bearded Santa Claus
77
Discrimination
Learning to distinguish among similar stimuli
78
Shaping
Successive approximations
79
Modeling
Bandura
80
Exposure Therapy
A prolonged confrontation with the feared stimulus in vivo or flooding
81
Cognitive Perspective
- Cognition: mental processing of stimuli
- Views abnormal behavior as the product of mental processing of stimuli
- Many psychological disorders involve serious cognitive disturbances
82
Aaron Temkin Beck
- American psychiatrist
- Father of cognitive Therapy
- Beck Depression inventory, hopelessness scale, scale for suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory
- Psychological disorders associated with specific patterns of cognitive distortions
- Negative triad of depression
83
Magnification
Blowing things out of proportion
84
Overgeneralization
Come to a general conclusion based on one event
85
Selective abstraction
Taking one piece of behavior and making it into something bigger
86
Personalization
Interpret behavior as your fault
87
Dichotomous thinking
Black & white thinking
88
Schemas
An organized structure of information about a particular domain or life. A pattern for selecting new information
89
Negative schemas
Develop early in life due to themes of worthlessness, guilt, and deprivation
90
Cognitive restructuring
Breaking down big pieces into more manageable ones, generating alternative ways to handle a problem
91
Decatastrophizing
what is the worst possible result
92
Socratic questioning
therapist asks a series of questions to get the client to look more closely at their thoughts and beliefs
93
Albert Ellis
- American psychologist
- Father of CBT
- Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
- confrontational - attacks irrational beliefs
94
Rational-Emotive Therapy
- psychological problems are caused not by events in the environment but by reacting to these events on the basis of irrational believes
- ABC system: activating experience, automatic irrational beliefs, emotional/behavioral consequences
95
Negative Triad of Depression
Negative views about:
- Self
- World
- Future
