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Psychopathology Exam 1 > Theoretical Approaches > Flashcards

Theoretical Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • Medical Degree from University of Vienna
  • Austrian Neurologist
  • Founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology
  • “the father of psychoanalysis” or Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
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2
Q

Josef Breuer

A
  • Austrian physician
  • foundation of psychoanalysis (friend of Freud)
  • Anna O : symptoms reduced or disappeared after she described them
  • Focused on fantasies, hysteria, and catharsis
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3
Q

Jean-Martin Charcot

A
  • French neurologist
  • “founder of modern neurology”
  • Interested in patients who had symptoms that mimicked general paralysis due to syphilis
  • Found patients with symptoms but no physical cause
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4
Q

Freud’s Pathology

A
  • Significant psychosomatic disorders
  • Exaggerated fears of dying and phobias
  • Studied own dreams
  • Realized intense hostility for father
  • Sexual feelings for mother
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5
Q

Freud’s View of Human Nature

A
  • Deterministic: our behavior is driven by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives
  • Life instincts: energy (libido: sexual)
  • Death instincts: unconscious wish to die or hurt others
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6
Q

Id

A
  • Primitive biological drives
  • All Id at birth
  • Pleasure principle: seeks pleasure, ignores logic and morality
  • Sexual drive permeates the entire personality
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7
Q

Ego

A
  • Mediates between Id & forces restricting Id
  • Reality principle: you get what you want realistically (safe & effective)
  • Results in development of higher functions (language, perception, learning, discrimination, memory, judgment, planning)
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8
Q

Superego

A
  • Internalized moral standards of society
  • “conscience”
  • Rigid Demands to conform to moral ideas
  • No more in touch with reality than the Id
  • Embraces abstract moral ideals and standards
  • Demands sexual and aggressive impulses of Id to be stifled to conform
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9
Q

Freudian Theory

A
  • Almost all mental activity is unconscious
  • Perceptual conscious: narrow range of mental events in which a person is aware at any given instant
  • Repression is active forgetting
  • Tool of interpretation (manifest v. latent content)
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10
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A
  • Dynamics are interactions of forces lying deep within the mind
  • Psychic determinism - behavior is determined by the nature and strength of intrapsychic forces
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11
Q

Hysteria

A
  • A physical impairment with no physical cause
  • Defense against unbearable thoughts or memories
  • “wandering uterus”
  • Treated with hypnosis
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12
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A
  • Conflicts between id, ego, and superego produce unconscious anxiety
  • Ego distorts or denies reality to reduce anxiety
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13
Q

Repression

A

Expelling disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness

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14
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge some painful aspect of external reality or subjective experience that would be apparent to others

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15
Q

Projection

A

Falsely attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings onto another person

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16
Q

Displacement

A

Dealing with an emotional conflict or stressor by transferring their feelings about one object onto a less threatening object

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17
Q

Rationalization

A

Individual comes up with self-serving but incorrect explanations for their thoughts or behavior

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18
Q

Isolation

A

Keeping it to yourself

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19
Q

Intellectualization

A

Reasoning - used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict & its associated emotional stress where thinking = used to avoid feeling

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20
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Substituting thoughts or feelings diametrically opposed to your unacceptable ones

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21
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to former state

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22
Q

Undoing

A

Magically dispelling negative experiences

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23
Q

Sublimation

A

The individual deals with emotional conflict or stressors by channeling maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior

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24
Q

Stages of Psychosexual Development

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

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25
Q

Oral Stage (1)

A
  • Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, chewing, biting
  • Infant needs to receive basic nurturing or feelings of greediness develop
  • Personality issues if needs not met: mistrust of others, rejecting others, inability to form intimate relationships
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26
Q

Anal Stage (1-3)

A
  • Pleasure in feces release and frustration in toilet training
  • Learning independence
  • Accepting personal power
  • Learning to express negative feelings such as rage and aggression
  • Parental discipline patterns and attitudes have significant consequences for child’s later personality
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27
Q

Phallic Stage (3-6)

A
  • Pleasure zone is genitals

- Unconscious incestuous desires for parent of the opposite sex (Oedipus & Electra Complex)

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28
Q

Latency Stage (6-12)

A
  • This period is relatively quiet
  • No psychosexual development
  • Sexual interests are replaced with interests in school, friends, sports, and new activities
  • A time of socialization
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29
Q

Genital Stage (12-18)

A
  • Begins puberty
  • Early years lay down character structure of people
  • The focus is again on genitals, but energy expressed with adult sexuality
  • Gratification may include the formation of love, relationships, and families, or acceptance of responsibilities associated with adulthood
  • Ultimate goal os maturity is “to love and to work”
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30
Q

Therapist Function in psychoanalysis

A
  • “Blank Screen” (Tabula Rasa)

- Maintain neutrality –> introspection, help patient deal with anxiety

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31
Q

Therapeutic Techniques (psychoanalysis)

A
  • Free association
  • Dream interpretation - “royal road to the unconscious”
  • Analysis of resistance
  • Analysis of transference
  • Hypnosis
  • Electrotherapy
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32
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • Swiss psychiatrist
  • “Analytic psychology” or Jungian - human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion
  • Disagreed with Freud on nature of libido
  • Collective unconscious - contains archetypes or symbols expressing universal human experiences
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33
Q

Jungian Archetypes

A

Innate, universal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpret observations

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34
Q

The Self

A

the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation

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35
Q

The Shadow

A

the opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities that the ego does not identify with but posses nonetheless

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36
Q

The Anima

A

the feminine image in a man’s psyche

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37
Q

The Animus

A

the masculine imagine in a woman’s psyche

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38
Q

The Persona

A

how we present to the world, usually protects the Ego from negative images (like a mask)

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39
Q

Alfred Adler

A
  • First major figure to break away from psychoanalysis

- Inferiority complex

40
Q

Existential Therapy

A
  • Denying true self
  • Finding meaning in life
  • Therapy helps patient: discover why they are anxious, manage anxiety, make new and healthy choices
  • Frankl, May, Yalom
41
Q

Existentialism

A
  • 19th-20th century philosophers
  • Focus on conditions of existence of the individual person and his or her emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts
  • “Find oneself” and live by this self
  • Rejects determinism: free to decide
42
Q

Soren Kierkegaard

A
  • Father of existentialism
  • The individual is solely responsible for giving his own life meaning
  • Danish philosopher, theologian, and psychologist
43
Q

Friedrich Nietzche

A
  • German philosopher
  • He wrote on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science
  • Influenced existentialism
  • “He who has a why to live can bear almost any how”
  • “That which does not kill me makes me stronger”
44
Q

Viktor Emil Frankl

A
  • Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist
  • Holocaust survivor
  • Founder of logotherapy (therapy through meaning)
  • Knew Freud, student of Adler
45
Q

According to Frankl

A

We can discover meaning of life

  • By doing a deed
  • By experiencing a value - nature, a work of art, another person
  • By suffering
46
Q

Paradoxical intention

A
  • The deliberate practice of a neurotic habit or thought, undertaken in order to identify and remove it
47
Q

Rollo May

A
  • American Psychologist

- Love and Will: awareness of death is essential to life, rather than being opposed to life

48
Q

Irvin Yalom

A
  • Existentialist and psychotherapist
  • Taught about group psychotherapy and developing his model of existential psychotherapy
  • Individuals create own predicament –> power to change it
49
Q

Key Concepts of Existentialism

A
  • Have a capacity for self awareness

- Seeking freedom and taking responsibility

50
Q

Existential Vacuum

A
  • Meaninglessness

- Feeling trapped by the emptiness

51
Q

Existentialism (Therapist & Client)

A
  • The quality of the interaction is of significance
  • The core of the relationship is respect
  • Therapists model authenticity
52
Q

Person-Centered Therapy

A
  • Rogerian Therapy (Carl Rogers)
  • comfortable, non-judgmental environment created with genuine empathy and unconditional positive regard
  • Safe space for patients to examine own thoughts
53
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • Person Centered Therapy

- Close & warm with parents but strict religious standards

54
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A
  • A blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does
  • Humanist therapists seek to help their clients accept and take responsibility for themselves
55
Q

Gestalt Therapy

A
  • “Wholeness”
  • Figure Ground
  • Focuses more on process (what is actually happening)
56
Q

Theory of Gestalt Therapy

A
  • Beginnings in middle of 20th century
  • One must be understood in the context of their relationships and environment
  • The here and now
  • The what and now
  • Process, not content
57
Q

Fritz Perls

A
  • Psychiatrist and psychotherapist
  • Trained in psychoanalysis
  • Coined the term “Gestalt therapy”
  • Conducted workshops in Big Sur
58
Q

Abraham Maslow

A
  • Lonely and unhappy childhood in Brooklyn
  • Worked under Harry Harlow (wire vs. cloth mother)
  • Humanistic psychology (every person has a strong desire to realize his or her full potential)
59
Q

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • Fundamental needs (safety & physiological)
  • Psychological needs (esteem & belongingness)
  • Self-actualization needs (Fulfill one’s unique potential)
60
Q

Behavioral psychology

A
  • Study behavior
  • Behavior can and must be observable and measurable
  • Prediction and control of behavior
  • Real causes of behavior might be found outside rather than inside
61
Q

ABC’s of Behavioral Observation

A

A: Antecedents - events in environment
B: Behaviors - thinking, experiencing, intentions
C: Consequences - events in the environment

62
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A
  • Russian neurophysiologist
  • Simple learning process
  • Classic conditioning - what happens before/pairing
63
Q

Classical conditioning

A 
Pavlov's dogs
UCS: food
UCR: salivation
CS: Bell
CR: salivation
64
Q

John Watson

A
  • American psychologist
  • Founded behavioral movement
  • Little Albert
65
Q

Edward Lee Thorndike

A
  • Interested in relationship between behavior and its consequences
  • The Law of Effect: responses that lead to satisfying consequences are strengthened, responses that lead to unsatisfying consequences are weakened
66
Q

B.F. Skinner

A
  • American psychologist
  • Radical behaviorism - everything a person does, says, and feels constitutes behavior and even if we can’t observe it, it can be subjected to experiments
  • Operant conditioning - use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior
67
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • Social environments filled with reinforcing and punishing consequences
  • Most behavior based on external contingencies
    = Contingencies can be altered to change our behavior
  • Skinner Box
68
Q

Premack principle

A

High probability behavior could be used to reinforce low probability behavior (i.e. finish veggies, get ice cream)

69
Q

Reinforcement

A
  • Likelihood of a behavior increases as a result of environmental consequences
  • Primary (food, water, sex) vs. conditioned (associations learned)
70
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Behavior increases due to its consequence (praise)

71
Q

Negative reinforcement

A
  • Behavior increases due to the avoidance/removal of an aversive consequence
  • Escape learning
72
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A
  • Best to initially strengthen behavior
73
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A
  • More efficient in maintaining a behavior once it has been established
74
Q

Punishment

A
  • Suppression of behavior

- Likelihood of a behavior decreases following an aversive consequence

75
Q

Extinction

A

e.g. temper tantrums

76
Q

Generalization

A
  • Little Albert and rabbits, dogs, sealskin coats, and bearded Santa Claus
77
Q

Discrimination

A

Learning to distinguish among similar stimuli

78
Q

Shaping

A

Successive approximations

79
Q

Modeling

A

Bandura

80
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

A prolonged confrontation with the feared stimulus in vivo or flooding

81
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A
  • Cognition: mental processing of stimuli
  • Views abnormal behavior as the product of mental processing of stimuli
  • Many psychological disorders involve serious cognitive disturbances
82
Q

Aaron Temkin Beck

A
  • American psychiatrist
  • Father of cognitive Therapy
  • Beck Depression inventory, hopelessness scale, scale for suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory
  • Psychological disorders associated with specific patterns of cognitive distortions
  • Negative triad of depression
83
Q

Magnification

A

Blowing things out of proportion

84
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Come to a general conclusion based on one event

85
Q

Selective abstraction

A

Taking one piece of behavior and making it into something bigger

86
Q

Personalization

A

Interpret behavior as your fault

87
Q

Dichotomous thinking

A

Black & white thinking

88
Q

Schemas

A

An organized structure of information about a particular domain or life. A pattern for selecting new information

89
Q

Negative schemas

A

Develop early in life due to themes of worthlessness, guilt, and deprivation

90
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

Breaking down big pieces into more manageable ones, generating alternative ways to handle a problem

91
Q

Decatastrophizing

A

what is the worst possible result

92
Q

Socratic questioning

A

therapist asks a series of questions to get the client to look more closely at their thoughts and beliefs

93
Q

Albert Ellis

A
  • American psychologist
  • Father of CBT
  • Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
  • confrontational - attacks irrational beliefs
94
Q

Rational-Emotive Therapy

A
  • psychological problems are caused not by events in the environment but by reacting to these events on the basis of irrational believes
  • ABC system: activating experience, automatic irrational beliefs, emotional/behavioral consequences
95
Q

Negative Triad of Depression

A

Negative views about:

  • Self
  • World
  • Future

Psychopathology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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