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Psychopathology Exam 1 > Psychological Assessment > Flashcards

Psychological Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

4 aspects of personality

A
  • Cognition: thought patterns, how information comes in and goes out
  • Affect: expressed emotion
  • Interpersonal functioning: how do we play in the sandbox with other kids
  • Impulse control
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2
Q

Psychological Assessment

A
  • The collection, organization, and interpretation of information about a person and his or her situation
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3
Q

Goals of Psychological Assessment

A
  • Description: provide an accurate portrait of personality, cognitive functioning, mood, and behavior
  • Prediction: predict future behavior based on present functioning
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4
Q

Psychological Assessment (definition)

A

A procedure by which clinicians use of psychological tests, observations, and interviews to develop a summary of the client’s symptoms and problems (ongoing process)

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5
Q

Clinical Diagnosis

A

The process by which a clinician arrives at a general “summary classification” of the patient’s symptoms by following a clearly defined system (e.g. the DSM)

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6
Q

Assessment - The basics

A
  • Identify the “presenting problem”
  • Gather history (personality factors, social context)
  • Arrive at “formulation”
  • Cultural competence
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7
Q

Reliability

A

To assure diagnostic agreement

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8
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Make sure two clinicians come to same diagnosis

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9
Q

Validity

A

Make sure it measures what it purports to measure

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10
Q

Types of Clinical Interview

A
  • Unstructured clinical interview

- Structured clinical interview (Rating scales - SCID)

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11
Q

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)

A
  • First published in 1962
  • 18 to 24 symptom rating scales
  • Each symptom rated 1 to 7
  • Scored by clinician after patient interview
  • e.g., somatic concern, anxiety, guilt, hostility, elevated mood, suspiciousness, unusual thought content, bizarre behavior
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12
Q

Main purpose of observation

A

To learn more about the person’s psychological functioning by attending to his or her appearance and behavior in various contexts

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13
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Scales

A

Originally for soldiers

  • WISC-IV (Children)
  • WAIS-IV (Adult)
  • WASI) (Abbreviated)
  • WPPSI-III (Preschool)
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14
Q

WAIS-IV Questions

A
  • Information
  • Comprehension
  • Arithmetic
  • Similarities
  • Vocabulary
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15
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A

Intelligence test

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16
Q

WAIS-IV Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A 
130+ - Very superior (2.2%)
120-129 - Superior (6.7%)
110-119 - High average (16.1%)
90-109 - Average (50%)
80-89 - Low average (16.1%)
70-79 - Borderline (6.7%)
Below 70 - Extremely low (2.2%)
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17
Q

Objective Testing

A 
Restricted response format
- MMPI
- NEO-PI
-BDI
Tests that are validated, given to a large group of people and subtests created based on validation 
Admissible in court
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18
Q

Projective Testing

A

Interpretation of ambiguous stimuli

  • Rorschach
  • TAT
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19
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A
  • First introduced in 1943
  • Self-report questionnaire
  • 550 items (567 now)
  • Statements rated “true” or false”
  • Developed using empirical keying approach
  • Most widely used personality test for clinical assessment and research in the US
  • 19,000+ related books and articles
  • Original MMPI translated 150+ times and used in 46+ countries
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20
Q

MMPI history

A

MMPI-2 in 1989
MMPI-A in 1992
MMPI-2-RF in 2008

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21
Q

MMPI Validity Scales: Lie

A

Claiming excessive virtue, trying to present an overly favorable image, “faking good”

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22
Q

MMPI Validity Scales: Infrequency

A
  • False claims or exaggerations of psychological problems; “faking bad”
  • Fb - faking bad on second half of the test
  • Fp - faking bad among psychiatric patients
23
Q

MMPI Validity Scales: Defensiveness

A
  • Tendency to see self in an unrealistically positive way

- Denial, subtle evasiveness

24
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 1: Hypochondriasis

A

(Hs) - Excessive somatic concern and physical complaints

25
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 2: Depression

A

(D) - Depressive symptoms

26
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 3: Hysteria

A

(Hy) - Hysteroid personality features, e.g., tendency to develop physical problems when stressed

27
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 4: Psychopathic Deviate

A

(Pd) - Antisocial tendencies

28
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 5: Masculinity/Femininity

A

(MF) - Gender-role reversal

29
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 6: Paranoia

A

(Pa) - Suspiciousness and paranoid ideation

30
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 7: Psychasthenia

A

(Pt) - Anxiety, obsessive worrying behavior

31
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 8: Schizophrenia

A

(Sc) - Peculiar thinking, feeling, social behavior

32
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 9: Hypomania

A

(Ma) - Unrealistically elated mood, impulsivity

33
Q

MMPI-2 Clinical Scale 0: Social Introversion

A

(Si) - Social anxiety, withdrawal, overcontrol

34
Q

Advantages of Objective Personality Tests

A
  • Cost effective
  • Highly reliable
  • Objective
  • Can be administered/scored by computer
35
Q

Limitations of Objective Personality Tests

A
  • Too mechanistic to portray humans
  • Cannot be used in illiterate populations
  • Cooperation is required
36
Q

Rorschach Test

A
  • Started with 20 cards, but only had enough money for 10
  • 10 cards with symmetrical inkblot designs
  • Instructions: People may see many different things in these inkblot pictures; now tell me what you see, what it makes you think of, what it means to you
  • “Free-association” and “inquiry” phases
  • Content of individual responses evaluated for recurring themes which indicate underlying conflicts
  • Scoring is complicated and requires considerable training
  • Hard to malinger
37
Q

Doctor who helped Wikipedia publish Rorschach test

A

Dr. James Heilman

38
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A
  • Introduced in 1935 in Harvard Psychological Clinic
  • Series of simple pictures
  • Subject is instructed to make up stories
  • Rationale: tendency for people to project their own conflict and worries onto the highly ambiguous pictures
  • Clinician makes qualitative and subjective determination
39
Q

House-Tree-Person Test

A
  • Ask someone to draw these three things
  • Common themes as to how people do certain things
  • Where you put object on paper, how much of paper you use, are you drawing off the paper
  • Tree = life, nature
40
Q

Sentence Completion Tests

A
  • Related to free-association method

- Interpretation is subjective and unreliable

41
Q

Criticisms of Projective Tests

A
  • Lengthy administration, scoring, and interpretation
  • Subjective interpretation
  • Low or negligible reliability and validity (more “art” than science)
  • Overpathologizes people
42
Q

Psychical/Neurological Examination

A
  • General physical exam used to rule out physical causes of psychological problems
  • Biological markers in DSM - push to diagnose based on test
43
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • Electrical activity in the brain (abnormality? seizures?)
44
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan)

A
  • X-ray
45
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • Magnetic field and radio-waves
46
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

A
  • Dye + radioactive tracer
47
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A
  • NT/firing of neurons wherein you look at changes in blood flow
48
Q

Neuropsychological Tests

A
  • Neurological problems may contribute to psychological disturbance
49
Q

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test (1938)

A
  • Reproduce 9 simple designs

- Errors indicate neurological impairments

50
Q

Bender-Gestalt II

A
  • Asked to copy and memorize objects

- Visual spatial skills

51
Q

Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test

A
  • Practice!
  • Ask to copy picture
  • Take away, ask to draw again
52
Q

Clock Drawing Test

A
  • Ask people to draw a clock
53
Q

Rey 15-Item Test

A
  • Malingering measure
  • Memorize “difficult” objects
  • Should be able to get 9/12
54
Q

Cultural Bias

A
  • Drawing a house that is - an apartment with a homeless person outside
  • When diagnosticians are shown case studies identical in every respect except skin color:
    • African Americans are more likely to be labeled as alcoholic or schizophrenic
    • Caucasians are more likely to be labeled depressed

Psychopathology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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