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Psychopathology Exam 1 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal?

A
  • Suffering
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Statistical Deviancy
  • Violation of Societal Standards
  • Social Discomfort
  • Irrationality/Unpredictability
  • Dangerousness
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2
Q

Mental Disorder

A
  • A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behavior
  • That reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processess underlying mental functioning
  • Excludes:
  • Expectable or culturally sanctioned response to an event
  • Socially deviant behavior
  • Conflicts between individual and society
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3
Q

Percentage of US population that meets criteria for DSM-IV diagnosis in lifetime

A

46%

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4
Q

Amok

A
  • Malaysian rage disorder
  • Usually found in males who are withdrawn, quiet, brooding, and inoffensive
  • Precipitated by a perceived slight or insult
  • Sudden, wild outbursts of violence or homicidal behavior
  • In Amok stage, person jumps up, yells, grabs a knife, and stabs people or objects within reach
  • Followed by exhaustion, depression, amnesia
  • “Running amok”
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5
Q

Koro

A
  • Southeast Asia and China
  • Fear reaction or anxiety state
  • Man fears his penis will withdraw into his abdomen and he may die
  • Intense anxiety with sudden onset
  • May appear after sexual over-indulgence or excessive masturbation
  • “Treated” by having penis held firmly by patient, family members, or friends
  • Often the penis is clamped to wooden box
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6
Q

Zar

A
  • North Africa and Middle East
  • Person believes he or she is possessed by a spirit
  • Dissociative episodes with shouting, laughing, singing, and weeping
  • May also show apathy and withdrawal, not eating or working
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7
Q

Windigo

A
  • Algonquin Indian hunters
  • Fear reaction
  • Hunter becomes anxious and agitated, convinced that he is bewitched
  • e.g., fear of being turned into a cannibal by the power of a monster with an insatiable craving for human flesh
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8
Q

IQ Scores

A
  • More than 68 percent of population scores between 84 and 116 points (Average is 100)
  • Those who are MR fall below 68 - about 2% of population
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9
Q

Most common individual disorders

A
  • MDD
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Specific/social phobias
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10
Q

Prevalence

A
  • 12-month prevalence: 26.2% of US population

- Severe: 22.3% of these cases (e.g. 5.8% of US population)

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11
Q

Demographics for lifetime prevalence

A

Sex - women are no more or less likely
Race - Non-Hispanic blacks are 30% less likely than non-Hispanic whites
Age - most common in teenagers/young adults

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12
Q

Average Age of Onset of Disorders

A

14

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13
Q

Inmates with 12-month mental health problem

A
  1. 2% Local Jail
  2. 2% State Prison
  3. 8% Federal Prison
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14
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A
  • Prison rate increases as mental hospitals decrease
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15
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1844

A

APA published predecessor of DSM as a statistical classification of institutionalize mental patients

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16
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1880

A
  • mania
  • melancholia
  • Monomania was a form of partial insanity conceived as single pathological preoccupation in an otherwise sound mind
  • Paresis (weakness of voluntary movement or partial loss of voluntary movement or by impaired movement)
  • Dementia
  • Dipsomania (Uncontrollable craving for alcohol)
  • Epilepsy
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17
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1908

A

American Bureau of the Census asked the American Medico-Psychological Association to develop standard classification system for purpose of national statistics

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18
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1918

A

Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane

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19
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1952

A

DSM-I

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20
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1967

A

DSM-II

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21
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1980

A

DSM-III

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22
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1987

A

DSM-III-R

23
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 1994

A
  • DSM-IV
  • Purpose: better overlap with ICD, improved documentation of empirical support
  • Purpose was not to add, delete diagnoses (left with 297)
  • Result: 3 volumes of a DSM-IV sourcebook
  • Expanded text to include: cultural and ethnic group variation, variation across age, lab and physical exam findings
24
Q

Arriving at DSM 5 - 2000

A

DSM-IV-TR

25
Q

Organization of DSM-5

A
  • Organized developmentally and with consideration to lifespan
  • Internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, neurocognitive disorders, other disorders
26
Q

Some Changes from DSM-IV to DSM 5

A
  • Elimination of multiaxial system
  • Removal of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale
  • Term “mental retardation” replaced with “intellectual disability”
  • Autism spectrum disorders
  • Removal of subtypes of Schizophrenia
  • Addition of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
  • Anxiety Disorders no longer include OCD or PTSD
  • Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders added
  • Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
  • Feeding and eating disorders
  • Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
  • Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
  • No changes to personality disorders
27
Q

Outstanding Issues with DSM 5

A
  • Boundary between abnormal and normal?
  • What is sufficient impairment?
  • Categorical and dimensional models of classification
  • Should we focus on symptoms or syndromes?
  • High rates of comorbidity
28
Q

Subtypes

A
  • Mutually exclusive subgroupings within a diagnosis

- E.g., Bipolar Disorder II, most recent episode Hypomanic/most recent episode Depressed

29
Q

Specifiers

A
  • E.g., severity and number of episode specifiers for depression
  • Includes course (e.g., in partial remission)
30
Q

Principal Diagnosis

A

Reason for the visit/main focus of treatment

31
Q

Provisional Diagnosis

A

Strong presumption that the full criteria will ultimately be met for disorder, but insufficient information is currently available

32
Q

Rule-out

A

Additional evaluation should rule out as a condition

33
Q

Diagnostic Approaches

A
  • Descriptive (the “what”)
  • Psychological (the “why”)
  • Changes to DSM indicate shift to descriptive approach
    • E.g., DSM-II “Depressive Neurosis to DSM-IV-TR “Major Depressive Disorder”
34
Q

Differential Diagnosis

A

choosing correct diagnosis from conditions with similar features

35
Q

Diagnosis

A

1) Was the condition caused by a known medical condition or a drug?
2) Was it psychosis, nonpsychosis, or personality disorder?

36
Q

Most common male diagnoses

A
  • Substance abuse
  • ASPD
  • Paranoia
37
Q

Most common female diagnoses

A
  • Depression
  • Eating Disorders
  • Anxiety Disorders
38
Q

Explaining Abnormal Behavior: Middle Ages and Renaissance

A
  • The medical model was coexisted with supernatural explanations (spirits, God, devil)
  • Exorcism (submerge in water, whipped, or starved to make the body less comfortable for the devil
39
Q

Explaining Abnormal Behavior: The Medical Model (19th Century)

A
  • Biogenic causes of abnormal behavior - the problem results from a malfunction in the body
  • (i.e. symptom, syndrome, pathology, disease, mental illness, patient, diagnosis therapy, treatment)
40
Q

Explaining Abnormal Behavior: Greek Civilizations

A

Insanity was a sign of minor and major transgressions

41
Q

Hippocrates

A
  • Naturalistic view - mental and physical out to be explored in patients
  • Emphasized - brain is the primary center for thought and emotion
  • Empirical approach as compared to “philosophical thought”
  • Humors
  • Valued sleep and rest as remedies
  • Talked about unconscious forces
42
Q

Hippocrates Recommended:

A
  • Exercise, tranquility, massage, music, diet, marriage, and bloodletting
  • The above would balance the humors (earth, fire, water, and air)
  • Disorders were a result of imbalance among the humors (vital fluids in the body: phlegm, blood, black bile, and yellow bile)
43
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

A
  • Father of modern psychology
  • University of Leipzig
  • First person to call himself a psychologist
  • Established first experimental laboratory
  • Studied the nature of religious beliefs, identified mental disorders, and explored damaged parts of the brain
44
Q

Emil Kraeplin

A
  • Wundt’s student
  • First studied psychopathology or abnormal psychology
  • Concept of syndrome - he first classified mental illness into different categories and developed a classification system
  • Dementia praecox
45
Q

Franz Anton Mesmer

A
  • Began the idea of psychogenic theory (psychological disturbances are primarily due to emotional stress)
46
Q

Eugen Bleuler

A 
Coined Schizophrenia (formerly dementia praecox)
- "split brain"
47
Q

Richard von Kraftt-Ebing

A
  • Wrote Psychopathia Sexualis

- Coined the term masochism

48
Q

The Asylum

A
  • The early asylums - first psychiatric hospital was in Spain in the early 15th century
  • London’s Bethlem Hospital gave rise to the word “bedlam” because it was so bad
  • Patients Kept in Chains and isolated
  • Hospitalization and the increase of moral therapy (an approach to mental disorder based on humane care
  • The exodus from hospitals (deinstitutionalization & community mental health centers)
49
Q

Pinel

A

First big reformer of asylums - “mentally ill were simply deprived of their reason by severe personal problems”
- He also began record keeping or charting

50
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

School teacher who reformed prisons and hospitals for the mentally ill by lecturing state legislators

51
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A

1940s and 1950s

52
Q

Exodus from Hospitals

A
  • 1950s - introduction of psychotropic medications
  • De-institutionalization
  • Cross-institutionalization
  • Community mental health
  • 1980s managed care
  • Problems: Homeless - 1/4 are severely mentally ill, 1/2 suffer from substance abuse
53
Q

Cultural Signs: 13, 4, & Small feet

A

13 -unlucky
4 - Japanese, close to death
Small feet - mark of beauty in China

Psychopathology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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