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Ancient and medieval history > Themes of Indian History Part 1 > Flashcards

Themes of Indian History Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Grains found at Harappan sites include

A

wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea and sesame.

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2
Q

Millets are found from sites in

A

Gujarat

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3
Q

terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in

A

Cholistan and at Banawali (Haryana).

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4
Q

Archaeologists have also found evidence of a

ploughed field at

A

Kalibangan (Rajasthan),

associated with Early Harappan levels

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5
Q

Traces of canals have been found at

the Harappan site of

A

Shortughai in Afghanistan but not in Punjab or Sind.

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6
Q

water reservoirs found in may

have been used to store water for agriculture

A

Dholavira (Gujarat)

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7
Q

grinding equipment as well as vessels

for mixing, blending and cooking. These were made of

A

stone, metal and terracotta

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8
Q

, Further Excavations at Mohenjodaro, 1937 author

A

ERNEST MACKAY

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9
Q

the first site urban center to be discovered

was

A

Harappa.

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10
Q

the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), often called the father of Indian archaeology

A

Alexander Cunningham,

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11
Q

At sites such as the entire settlement was fortified, and

sections within the town were also separated by walls

A

Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat),

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12
Q

The Citadel within was not walled off, but was built at a height.

A

Lothal

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13
Q

Drainage system in Harappa was described by

A

ERNEST MACKAY

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14
Q

little pots of this material were probably considered

precious because they were difficult to make

A

faience (a material made of ground sand or silica mixed with colour and a gum and then fired

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15
Q

Hoards are

A

objects kept carefully by people, often inside

containers such as pots. eg gold

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16
Q

almost exclusively devoted to craft production, including bead-making, shell-cutting, metal-working, seal-making and weight-making

A

Chanhudaro

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17
Q

Specialised drills have been found at

A

Chanhudaro, Lothal and more recently at Dholavira.

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18
Q

These were specialised centres for making shell objects – including bangles, ladles and inlay –

A

Nageshwar and Balakot

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19
Q

established settlements such as Nageshwar and

Balakot in areas where

A

shell was available

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20
Q

Lothal which was near sources of

A

carnelian (from Bharuch in Gujarat),

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21
Q

There is evidence in the Khetri area for what archaeologists call the

A

Ganeshwar -Jodhpura culture, with its distinctive non-Harappan pottery and an unusual wealth of copper objects.

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22
Q

copper for Harappa came from

A

Oman and Rajasthan

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23
Q

Name given to Oman in Mesopotamia texts

A

Magan

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24
Q

Mesopotamian texts mention contact with regions named

A

Dilmun (probably the island of Bahrain), Magan and

Meluhha, possibly the Harappan region

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25
Q

Mesopotamian texts refer to this region as a land of seafarers

A

Meluhha

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26
Q

weights made up of

A

chert with no marking

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27
Q

weights in Harappa

A

lower weights binary and higher weights decimal

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28
Q

way of life in what are called “Late

Harappan” or “successor cultures

A

Rural way of life

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29
Q

Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilisation, 1931. author

A

JOHN MARSHALL,

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30
Q

Harappa 1946”, Ancient India, 1947. author

A

R.E.M. WHEELER, “

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31
Q

“The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjodaro”, Expediton, 1964 author

A

G.F. DALES,

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32
Q

Deadman Lane theory by

A

JOHN MARSHALL

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33
Q

then Director-General of the ASI, tried to correlate this archaeological evidence with that of the Rigveda, the earliest known text in the subcontinent

A

R.E.M. Wheeler,

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34
Q

then Director-General of the ASI, tried to correlate this archaeological evidence with that of the Rigveda, the earliest known text in the subcontinent

A

R.E.M. Wheeler,

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35
Q

He used the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims who had visited the subcontinentbetween the fourth and seventh centuries CE to locate
early settlements of Harappan civilization

A

Cunningham

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36
Q

seals were discovered at Harappa by

archaeologists such as

A

Daya Ram Sahni

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37
Q

found similar seals at Mohenjodaro

A

Rakhal Das Banerji

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38
Q

in 1924, announced the discovery of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world

A

John Marshall, Dir ector -General of the ASI,

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39
Q

in 1924, announced the discovery of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world

A

John Marshall, Dir ector -General of the ASI,

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40
Q

He was the first professional archaeologist to work in India, and brought his experience of working in Greece and Crete to the field

A

John Marshall,

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41
Q

recognised that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather than dig mechanically along uniform horizontallines.

A

R.E.M. Wheeler,

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42
Q

My Archaeological Mission to India and Pakistan, 1976 author

A

R.E.M. Wheeler,

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43
Q

Shamans are

A

men and women who claim magical and healing powers, as well as an ability to communicate with the other world

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44
Q

New modes of disposal of the dead, including the making of elaborate stone structures known as

A

megaliths, emerged in central and south India from the first millennium BC

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45
Q

an officer in the mint of the East

India Company, deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi

A

James Prinsep,

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46
Q

some mahajanpadas were ruled by

A

Gana or sanghas= Oligarchies

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47
Q

the case of the the rajas probably controlled resources such as land collectively

A

Vajji sangha,

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48
Q

Brahmanas began composing Sanskrit texts known as the

A

Dharmasutras

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49
Q

Initially was the capital of Magadha

A

Rajagaha (the Prakrit name for presentday
Rajgir in Bihar) Later, in the fourth century BCE, the
capital was shifted to Pataliputra, present-day
Patna, commanding routes of communication along
the Ganga

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50
Q

(a Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya

A

Megasthenes

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51
Q

(a Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya

A

Megasthenes

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52
Q

There were five major political centres in the

empire –

A

the capital Pataliputra and the provincial
centres of Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri,
all mentioned in Asokan inscriptions.

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53
Q

was possibly important for tapping the gold mines

of Karnataka

A

Suvarnagiri (literally, the golden mountain)

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54
Q

These centres were carefully chosen, being situated

on important long-distance trade routes

A

both Taxila and Ujjayini

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55
Q

excerpt of what kings official did

A

Megasthenes

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56
Q

mentions a committee with six

subcommittees for coordinating military activity

A

Megasthenes

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57
Q

The new kingdoms that emerged in the Deccan and

further south, including

A

the chiefdoms of the Cholas,
Cheras and Pandyas in Tamilakam (the name of the
ancient Tamil country, which included parts of
present-day Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, in addition
to Tamil Nadu)

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58
Q

Satavahanas who ruled over parts of

A

western and central India

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59
Q

story of The Pandya chief Senguttuvan visits the forest mentioned in

A

Silappadikaram, an epic written in Tamil

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60
Q 
the Kushanas (c. first century BCEfirst
century CE), who ruled over a vast kingdom
A

extending from Central Asia to northwest India

61
Q

Colossal statues of Kushana rulers have been

found installed in a shrine at

A

Mat near Mathura (Uttar Pradesh).

62
Q

adopted the title devaputra, or “son of god”, possibly
inspired by Chinese rulers who called themselves
sons of heave

A

Many Kushana rulers

63
Q

samantas in empire of

A

Gupta

64
Q

The Prayaga Prashasti (also known as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription) composed in Sanskrit by

A

Harishena, the court poet of Samudragupta, arguably the most powerful of the Gupta rulers

65
Q

Sudarshana lake

A

an artificial reservoir.

mentioned in rock inscription(c. second century CE) in Sanskrit, composed to record the achievements of the Shaka ruler Rudradaman.

built by a local governor during the rule of the Mauryas

66
Q

describes the plight of the subjects of a wicked king;
these included elderly women and men, cultivators,
herders, village boys and even animals

A

Gandatindu Jataka

67
Q

Vellar

A

Large landowners

68
Q

Vellalar

A

Large landowners

69
Q

adimai

A

slaves

70
Q

uzhavar

A

ploughmen

71
Q

gahapati

A

large landowner

72
Q

gahapati in pali texts refers to

A

large landowner

A gahapati was the owner, master or head of a household, who exercised control over the women,
children, slaves and workers who shared a common
residence

73
Q

Life in a small village on the outskirts of a

forest in the Vindhyas is mentioned in this excerpt

A

The Harshacharita

74
Q

was the daughter of one of the most important rulers in early Indian history, Chandragupta II

A

Prabhavati Gupta

75
Q

Prabhavati Gupta and the village of Danguna story ,mentioned in charter engraved by

A

Chakradasa

76
Q

An agrahara was

A

land granted to a Brahmana, who was usually exempted from paying land revenue and other dues to
the king, and was often given the right to collect these dues from the local people

77
Q

chinese pilgrim visited Patliputra and found it in ruines

A

Xuan Zang

78
Q

Votive inscriptions

A

record gifts made to religious institutions

79
Q

Archaeological evidence of a bead-making industry, using precious and semi-precious stones, has been found in

A

Kodumanal (Tamil Nadu

80
Q

The Malabar coast (present-day Kerala) trade mentioned in

A

Here is an excerpt from Periplus of the Erythraean Sea,

composed by an anonymous Greek sailor (c. first century CE):

81
Q

There are imported at bMalabar coast , in the first place, a great quantity of

A

coin; topaz … antimony (a mineral used as a colouring substance), coral, crude glass, copper, tin, lead

82
Q

“Periplus” is a Greek word meaning

A

ailing around and
“Erythraean” was the Greek
name for the Red Sea

83
Q

Names for successful merchants

A

masattuvan in Tamil and setthis and satthavahas in Prakrit

84
Q

The first coins to bear the names and images of

rulers were issued by

A

the Indo-Greeks, who established control over the north-western part of the subcontinent c. second century BCE

85
Q

The first gold coins were issued c. first century CE

by the

A

Kushanas

86
Q

hoards of Roman coins have been found from archaeological sites in

A

south India.

87
Q

Coins were also issued by tribal republics such

as that of the

A

Yaudheyas of Punjab and Haryana (copper coins)

88
Q

Some of the most spectacular gold coins were

issued by the

A

Gupta rulers

89
Q

Devanampiya Piyadassi:

A

Ashoka

90
Q

Pativedaka in ashokan inscription means

A

reporter

91
Q

contains a list of successive generations of teachers and students, many of whom were designated by
metronymics.

A

The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

92
Q

were identified through metronymics (names derived from that of the mother).

A

Satavahana rulers

93
Q

Satavahanas we know that succession to the throne

was generally

A

patrilineal.

94
Q

Purusha sukta , describing the sacrifice of

Purusha, the primeval man mentioned in

A

Rigveda

95
Q

Shakas who came b from Central Asia, were regarded as

A

mlechchhas

96
Q

the best-known Shaka ruler (c. second century CE), rebuilt Sudarshana lake

A

Rudradaman,

97
Q

Sanskrit texts and inscriptions mused the term to designate merchants

A

vanik

98
Q

Mrichchhakatika written by

A

Shudraka

99
Q

hero Charudatta was described as both a Brahmana

and a sarthavaha or merchant in this play

A

Mrichchhakatika

100
Q

included handling corpses and dead animals. Those who performed such tasks, designated as

A

chandalas

101
Q

wrote that “untouchables” had to sound a clapper in the streets so that people could avoid seeing
them.

A

Fa Xian

102
Q

observed that executioners and scavengers were forced to live outside the city.

A

Xuan Zang (c. seventh century),

103
Q

a Pali text, where the Bodhisatta (the Buddha in a previous birth) is identified as a chandala

A

Matanga Jataka ,

104
Q

is part of a dialogue between a king named Avantiputta and a disciple of the Buddha named Kachchana ;

Buddhist attitudes towards varna.

A

Majjhima Nikaya

105
Q

, one of the anthologies of poems of the Tamil Sangam literature describing The poor generous chief
In

A

Puranaruru

106
Q

In a myth found in a text known as the Buddhists suggested that originally human beings did not have fully evolved bodily forms, nor was the world of plants fully developed.

A

Sutta Pitaka

107
Q

Mahasamatta meaning

A

king in Sutta Patika

108
Q

sutas

A

who generally accompanied Kshatriya warriors
to the battlefield and composed poems celebrating
their victories and other achievements

109
Q

FROM SHAHJEHAN BEGUM, NAWAB OF BHOPAL (ruled 1868-1901),

Taj- ul Iqbal Tarikh Bhopal (A History of Bhopal), translated by

A

H.D. Barstow, 1876.

110
Q

The rulers of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum and her
successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for
the preservation of the ancient site.

A

Sanchi Stupa

111
Q

that dedicated his important volumes

on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan

A

John Marshall

112
Q

– literally, a hut with a pointed roof – or in groves where travelling mendicants halted.

A

kutagarashala

113
Q

Verses from the Upanishads The nature of the self AND The true sacrifice

A

Chhandogya Upanishad

114
Q

fter his death (c. fifth-fourth century BCE) his
teachings were compiled by his disciples at a council of “elders” or senior
monks at Vesali

A

Tipitaka

115
Q

included rules and regulations for those who joined the

sangha or monastic order

A

The Vinaya Pitaka

116
Q

Buddha’s teachings were included in the

A

Sutta

Pitaka;

117
Q

dealt with philosophical matter

A

Abhidhamma Pitaka

118
Q

As Buddhism travelled to new regions such as Sri Lanka, other texts such
as the were written

A

Dipavamsa (literally, the chronicle of the island) and Mahavamsa (the
great chronicle)

119
Q

describing a
conversation between king Ajatasattu, the ruler of
Magadha, and the Buddha:

A

Sutta Pitaka;

120
Q

Makkhali Gosala, BELONGED TO

A

Ajivikas

121
Q

Ajivikas

A

FATALISTS

122
Q

Lokayatas, usually described as

A

materialists

123
Q

the Uttaradhyayana Sutta

A

Prakrit text relted to jainism Svetamber

124
Q

the Uttaradhyayana Sutta

A

Prakrit text relted to jainism Svetamber

125
Q

describing how a queen named Kamalavati

tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world

A

the Uttaradhyayana Sutta

126
Q

Jaina scholars produced a wealth of

literature in a variety of languages –

A

Prakrit, Sanskrit

and Tamil

127
Q

is a biography of

a saint or religious leader

A

Hagiography

128
Q

( anatta)

A

soulless

129
Q

advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder

named Sigala… five ways should a master look after his servants

A

Sutta Patika

130
Q

nibbana,

A

literally the extinguishing of the ego and

desire

131
Q

one of the Buddha’s dearest
disciples, who persuaded him to allow women
into the sangh

A

Ananda,

132
Q

The Buddha’s foster mother,
i was the first woman to be
ordained as a bhikkhuni

A

Mahapajapati Gotam

133
Q

respected women who had

attained liberation in Budhism

A

theris,

134
Q

collection of verses composed by bhikkhunis…Punna, a dasi or slave woman, went to the river each
morning to fetch water for her master’s household

A

The Therigatha

135
Q

The importance attached
to conduct and values in Buddhism rather than claims ofsuperiority based on birth, the emphasis placed on
metta (fellow feeling) and karuna (compassion),

A

metta (fellow feeling) and karuna (compassion),

136
Q

(Lumbini),

A

where he was born

137
Q

(Bodh Gaya)

A

where he attained enlightenment

138
Q

(Sarnath)

A

where he gave his first sermon

139
Q

Kusinagara

A

where he attained nibbana

140
Q

These came to be called the

Elliot marbles after him.)

A

Amravati stupa

141
Q

“It seems
to me a suicidal and indefensible policy
to allow the country to be looted of
original works of ancient art

A

H.H. Cole

142
Q

Vessantara jataka on

A

Sanchi Stupa

143
Q

This is a story about a generous prince who
gave away everything to a
Brahmana

A

Vessantara jataka

144
Q

wheel

A

1st sermon of Buddha

145
Q

motif suggests that many people who turned to Buddhism enriched it with their own pre-Buddhist and even non-Buddhist beliefs

A

The shalabhanjika

146
Q

Interestingly, one of the

earliest modern art historiansn, considered Sanchi to be a centre of tree and serpent worship

A

, James Fergusso

147
Q

The Varaha or boar avatar of

Vishnu rescuing the earth goddess, at

A

Aihole (Karnataka

148
Q

Vishnu reclining on the serpent

Sheshnag, sculpture from

A

Deogarh

(Uttar Pradesh),

Ancient and medieval history (7 decks)

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