7th NCERT Flashcards
Described Hindustan as the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna.He used the term in a political sense for lands that were a part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultan
Minhaj-i-Siraj, a chronicler who wrote in Persian
used Hindustan tom describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent
Babur
nastaliq and shikaste
Different kinds of handwriting in
Persian and Arabic
New foods and beverages arrived
in the subcontinent
potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and
coffee
ulama –
learned theologians and jurists
mahamandaleshvara
(the great lord of a
“circle” or region) and
Rashtrakutas in the Deccan. Initially
they were subordinate to
the Chalukyas of Karnataka
Rashtrakuta chief,
overthrew his Chalukya overlord and performed a ritual called hiranya garbha
Dantidurga
Wall relief from Cave 15, Ellora, showing Vishnu as Narasimha, the man-lion. It is a work of the
Rashtrakuta period
Chola region state
Tamil Nadu
Cheras region state
Kerala
Palas region state
West bengal Odisha
Vetti tax In Chola empire
Taken not in cash but forced labour
kadamai, tax In Chola empire
land revenue
poem containing the history of kings who ruled over
Kashmir. It was composed by an author named
Kalhana.
Unlike the writers bof prashastis, he was often critical about rulers and their policies.
tripartite struggle”.
Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties
He raided the subcontinent almost every year – his
targets were wealthy temples, including that of
Somnath, Gujarat
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan.
Kitab - i - hind by
Al burani of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan
Chauhans or Chamanas region state
Delhi Ajmer
Gahadavalas of region state
Western UP
Chalukyas region state
Gujarat
The best-known Chahamana ruler was
), who defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191
Prithviraja III (1168-1192
minor chiefly family known as the held power in the Kaveri delta.
Muttaraiyar
who belonged to the ancient
chiefly family of the Cholas from Uraiyur, captured the
delta from the Muttaraiyar in the middle of the ninth
century
Vijayalaya,
He built the town of Thanjavur and a temple
for goddess Nishumbhasudini there.
Vijayalaya,
considered the most powerful Chola ruler
Rajaraja I,
Rajaraja’s son continued his policies and even raided the Ganga valley, Sri Lanka and countries of Southeast Asia, developing a navy for these expeditions
Rajendra I c
The Pandyan and the Pallava territories to the
south and north were made part of this kingdom
Chola Kingdom
Metal used in Chola temples
Bronze
Settlements of peasants in Chola kingdom known as
Ur
Groups of such villages Ur formed larger units in Chola kingdom called
nadu
The Chola kings gave some rich landowners titles like
muvendavelan (a velan or peasant serving three kings), araiyar (chief),
Caste of peasants in Chola kingdom
Vellala
Chola inscriptions mention several categories of land
vellanvagai
land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors
Chola inscriptions mention several categories of land
brahmadeya
land gifted to Brahmanas
shalabhoga
land for the maintenance of a school
devadana, tirunamattukkani
land gifted to temples
pallichchhandam
land donated to Jaina institutions
Associations of traders known as in Chola kingdom
nagarams
The working of a sabha in Chola kingdom mentioned :
the Uttaramerur
inscription
which informs us about the lives of
ordinary men and women in Chola kingdom
Periyapuranam
Delhi first became the capital
of a kingdom under
the Tomara Rajputs
It was under the that Delhi became an important commercial centre
Tomaras and Chauhans
Coins minted in delhi, called
dehliwal, had a wide circulation
chronicler of the age, when Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan.
Minhaj-i Siraj
Military expeditions into southern India started during the reign
of Alauddin Khalji and culminated with Muhammad
Tughluq
This was the congregational mosque of the first city built by the Delhi Sultans, described in the chronicles as Dehli-i kuhna (the old city
Quwwat al-Islam
Quwwat al-Islam was enlarged by
Iltutmish and Alauddin Khalji
The minar of Quwwat al-Islam was built by
three Sultans–
Qutbuddin Aybak, Iltutmish and Firuz Shah Tughluq
Begumpuri mosque, built in the reign of
Muhammad Tughluq
Khutba meaning
Sermon
This is called the qibla.
Muslims stand facing Mecca. In
India this is to the west.
Moth ki Masjid, built in the reign of
Sikandar Lodi by his
minister
favoured their special slaves
purchased for military service, called bandagan in
Persian as governors
Iltutmish
continued to use bandagan and also raised people of humble birth, who were often their clients, to high political positions
The Khaljis and Tughluqs
, a midfourteenth- century-chronicler during reign of Sultan Muhammad Tughluq
Ziyauddin Barani
Holder of iqta land during the Khalji and Tughluq
monarchs
Muqti
Control over muqtis was most effective if their office
was not inheritable and if they were assigned iqtas for
a short period of time before being shifted. These harsh conditions of service were rigorously imposed during the reigns of
Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad
Tughluq.
The rights of the local chieftains to levy taxes were cancelled and they were also forced to pay taxes during reign of .
Alauddin Khalji
Kharaj
Tax on cultivation during Alauddin Khalji
Account on Chieftains and their fortifications by
Ibn Battuta, a fourteenth-century traveller from Morocco, Africa,
constructed a new garrison town named Siri for
his soldiers
Alauddin Khalji
he used a token” currency, somewhat like present-day paper currency,
Muhammad Tughluq.
for the first time in the history of the
Sultanate, a Delhi Sultan planned a campaign to captureMongol territory.
Muhammad Tughluq.
His administration became
the model followed by the great emperor Akbar
Sher Shah of Suri dynasty
Babur defeated
Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra
defeated Ibrahim Lodi and his Afghan supporters
at Panipat
BABUR 1526-1530
defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi;
Established control over Agra and Delhi before his death
BABUR 1526-1530
The ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran weakened
cause against Afghan competitors
HUMAYUN 1530-1540, 1555-1556
defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540),forcing him to flee to Iran
Sher Khan
Qandahar was seized from the Safavids, Kashmir was annexed, as also Kabul,m after the death of Mirza Hakim.
AKBAR 1556-1605
The Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi
rebelled and was defeated
Shah Jahan 1627-1658
In 1632 Ahmadnagar was finally annexed and the Bijapurm forces sued for peace.
Shah Jahan 1627-1658
Qandahar was lost to the Safavids.
Shah Jahan 1627-1658
Bijapur was annexed in 1685 and
Golconda in 1687. From
Aurangzeb 1658-1707
mansab meaning
Position or rank
Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue
assignments called s
jagirs which were somewhat like
iqta
difference between muqtis and mansabdars
But unlike muqtis, most mansabdars did not
actually reside in or administer their jagirs
thesejagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were roughly equal to the salary of the
mansabdar during reign of
Akbar
Revenue minister of Akbar
Todar Mal
Each province was
divided into revenue circles with its own
schedule of revenue rates for individual
crops. This revenue system was known as
zabt
zabt introduced by
Todar Mal during reign of Akbar
wrote a three-volume history
of Akbar’s reign, titled Akbar Nama
Abul Fazl
The first volume of Akbar Nama dealt with
with Akbar’s ancestors
second volume of Akbar Nama recorded
the events of
Akbar’s reign
third volume of Akbar Nama called
Ain I Akbari
Ain I Akbari deals with
deals with Akbar’s administration, household, army, the revenues and the geography of his empire
Abul Fazl explained that the empire was divided
into provinces called
subas
subadar, who carried functions
both political and military functions
financial officer in Suba
Diwan
the military paymaster in Suba
(bakhshi
the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage in suba
(sadr
military commanders in suba
(faujdars
the town police
commander in suba
(kotwal).
idea of sulh-i kul or “universal peace by
Akbar
Construction of Qutub Minar
The first floor was constructed by Qutbuddin Aybak and the rest by Iltutmish Over the years it was damaged by lightning and earthquakes and repaired by Alauddin Khalji, Muhammad Tughluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq and Ibrahim Lodi
a style of architecture called “trabeate” or
“corbelled
placing a horizontal beam across two vertical
columns,
Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999 by
the king
Dhangadeva
of the Chandela dynasty
Rajarajeshvara temple. An inscription mentions that
it was built by
King Rajarajadeva for the worship of
his god, Rajarajeshvaram
the ruler was the “architect of the
workshop of empire and religion
The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan’s chronicle declared this
won universal respect for constructing a large reservoir
just outside Dehli-i-Kuhna. It was called the Hauz-i-Sultani or the “King’s Reservoir
Sultan Iltutmish
the Buddhist monk and chronicler Dhammakitti mentions
when the Pandyan king Shrimara
Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the
king, Sena I (831-851
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a contemporary of
Rajendra I
Idea of Chahar Bagh
Babur
The central towering dome and the tall gateway
(pishtaq) became important aspects of Mughal architecture during reign of
Akbar
The central towering dome and the tall gateway
(pishtaq) became important aspects of Mughal architecture first seen in
Humayun’s tomb
Humayuns tomb material
red sandstone and white marble
hasht bihisht – a central hall surrounded by eight
rooms in
Humayun’s tomb
diwan e aam and diwan e khas built by
Shah Jahan
Pietra dura
Coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful, ornate patterns
In this the dwelling was not located in
the middle of the chahar bagh but at its edge, close to the bank of the river during reign of
Shah Jahan
Govind Deva in Vrindavan material
red sandstone
the elephant stables of the rulers were strongly influenced by the style of architecture found
in the adjoining Sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda
In Vijayanagara empire
Rajarajeshvara temple
built by
King Rajaraja Chola
Rajarajeshvara temple architect
Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan
weavers in Thanjavur of chola kingdom
Saliya
Sculptors in Thanjavur of chola kingdom
Svamimalai
Lost wax technique used in this empire
Chola
celebrated Sufi saint (see also Chapter 8) who settled
in ajmer
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti,
Manigramam and Nanadesi
Guilds of traders in south india. These guilds traded
extensively both within the peninsula and with
Southeast Asia and China.
who went on to become the
principal trading groups of the country
Chettiars and
the Marwari Oswal
Besides, trade in horses was
primarily carried on through this route
Kabul and Qandahar were linked to the
celebrated Silk Route.
community, consisting of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths,
blacksmiths, masons and carpenters, were essential
to the building of temples
The Panchalas or Vishwakarma
The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for
their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to
be called
Bidri.
Weavers such as the emerged as
prosperous communities,
Saliyar or Kaikkolars
Hampi is located in the Krishna-Tungabhadra basin,
which formed the nucleus of the
Vijayanagara
Empire
This is he described Hampi in the sixteenth century:
Portuguese traveller, Domingo Paes,
Hampi fell into ruin following the defeat of
Vijayanagara in 1565 by the Deccani Sultans – the rulers
of Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Bidar.
place where goods from diverse production centres are bought and sold
Emporium (Surat
English chronicler who wrote an account of the port Surat
Ovington
had huge banking houses at Surat
The Kathiawad seths or mahajans
(moneychangers
It is noteworthy that the Surat hundis were honoured
in the far-off markets of m
Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq
and Antwerp in Belgium
The fort at Masulipatnam was built by
the Dutch
This is a description of Masulipatnam by Factor of the English East India Company,
in 1620:
William Methwold,
imposed royal monopolies on the sale of textiles, spices and other items to prevent the trade passing completely into the hands of the various East India Companies
The Qutb Shahi rulers of Golconda
Traders in Masulipatnam
Telugu Komati Chettis
the governor who was also a merchant,
began to play off the Dutch and the English against
each other
Mir Jumla
annexed Golconda
Aurangzaeb
Initially great Indian traders like
who owned a large
number of ships competed with english dutch french
Mulla Abdul Ghafur and Virji Vora
In Punjab , these tribes were very influential
Khokhar and Ghakkars
was made a noble (mansabdar) by Emperor Akbar
kamal Khan Ghakkar
Dominat tribes in Multan and sind
Langahs and Arghuns, Balochis
Western Himalaya tribe
Gaddis
Cheifdoms in Bihar and Jharkhand
Chero Cheifdom
Akbar’s famous general, attacked and defeated the Cheros in 1591
Raja Man Singh
tribes in Orissa and WEst Bengal
Munda and Santhal
tribes in Maharashtra highland
Kolis and Berads
south there were large tribal populations of
Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others
tribe was spread across western and central
India.
Bhil
the most important tradernomads.
The Banjaras
caravan of The Banjaras was called
tanda.
used the Banjaras to
transport grain to the city markets.
Sultan Alauddin Khalj
wrote in his memoirs that the Banjaras carried grain
on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in
towns.
Emperor Jahangir
an English trader who came to India
during the early seventeenth century, has described
the Banjaras:
Peter Mundy
The Akbar Nama, a history of Akbar’s
reign, mentions the Gond kingdom of
Garha Katanga
administrative system of these Gond kingdoms
Each garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan. This was further divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each.
the Gond raja of Garha Katanga, assumed
the title of Sangram Shah.
Aman Das
In 1565,the Mughal forces under
attacked Garha Katanga
Asaf Khan
Gond kingdoms struggled unsuccessfully against the stronger
Bundelas and Marathas
They, created a new state by suppressing the older political system of the bhuiyans (landlords
Ahoms
Mughals under attacked the Ahoms
Mir Jumla
Paiks
Forced labourers in Ahom Kingdom
introduced new methods of rice cultivation
Ahoms
Clans in ahom kingdom were called
Khels who controlled several villages
Buranjis
Historical written work in Ahom kingdoms first in the Ahom language and then in Assamese.
Time period of Alvars and Nayanars
7th to 9th century
Alvars
(saints devoted to Vishnu) 12
Nayanars
(saints devoted to Shiva) 63
examples of Nayanars
Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar and Manikkavasagar.
Compilation of songs of Nayanars
Tevaram and Tiruvacakam.
examples of Alvars
Periyalvar, his daughter Andal, Tondaradippodi Alvar
and Nammalvar
Compilation of songs of Alvars
the Divya Prabandham
Shankara
- Born in Kerala in the eighth century
- advocate of Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality
- Brahman without any attributes.
- adoption of the path of knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation
- preached renunciation of the world
Ramanuja
- born in Tamil Nadu in the eleventh century
- influenced by the Alvars.
- He propounded the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita or qualified oneness in that the soul even when united with the Supreme God remained distinct
dvocate of Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality
Shankara
He propounded the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita or qualified oneness
Ramanuja
Virashaiva movement initiated by
Basavanna and his companions Alam Prabhu and akkamahadevi
vachanas or sayings attributed to
Basavanna
As the famous Gujarati saint said They are Vaishnavas who understand the pain of others
Narsi Mehta
Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas and Yogis
- advocated renunciation of the world.
- the path to salvation lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate Reality and the realisation of oneness with it
- a popular force in northern India.
- Yogasanas and meditation
Among the great Sufis of Central Asia were .
Ghazzali, Rumi
and Sadi
zikr
(chanting of a name or sacred formula)
Sama
Singing
raqs
dancing
Silsila
genealogy of Sufi teachers
Khanqahs or hospice
House of rest for travellers, especially one kept by a religious order.
Saints in Chisti Silsila
Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti, Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki ,
Baba Farid, Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya, Bandanawaz Gisudaraz
Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti, state
Ajmer
Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki ,state
Delhi
Baba Faridstate
Punjab
Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya, state
Delhi
Bandanawaz Gisudaraz state
Gulburga
was a great thirteenth-century Sufi poet
from Iran who wrote in Persian.
Jalaluddin Rumi
, a sixteenth-century bhakti saint from Bengal, preached selfless devotion to Krishna-Radha
Chaitanyadeva
conceived of God in the form of Rama
Tulsidas
Ramcharitmas in awadhi Language by
Tulsidas
Ardent devotee of Krishna
Surdas
Hiscompositions, compiled in the Sursagara, Surasaravali and Sahitya Lahari, express his devotion
Surdas
who emphasised devotion to Vishnu, and composed poems and plays in Assamese
Shankaradeva of Assam (late fifteenth century
He began the practice of setting up namghars or houses of recitation and prayer, a practice that continues to date
Shankaradeva of Assam (
Mirabai became a disciple of
Ravidas
his ideas from a vast collection of verses
called sakhis and pads
Kabir who probably lived in the fifteenth-sixteenth
centuries
brought up in a family of Muslim julahas
Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and
preached that the only path to salvation was through
bhakti or devotion
sakhis and pads collected and preserved in t
he Guru
Granth Sahib, Panch Vani and Bijak
Guru Nanak appointed one of
his followers as his successor.
Guru Angad (Lehna)
compiled the compositions of Guru Nanak in new script Gurumukhi
Guru Angad
looked upon them as a potential threat and he ordered the execution of Guru Arjan
Jahangir
this compilation was authenticated by his son and successor, . It is now known as Guru Granth Sahib,
Guru Gobind Singh
He himself used the terms nam, dan and isnan
Guru Nanak
His teachings are now remembered
as nam-japna, kirt-karna and vand-chhchhakna, which
also underline the importance of right belief and
worship, honest living, and helping others.
Guru Nanak
The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the south-western part of the peninsula, part of present-day
Kerala
text, the dealing with
grammar and poetics, was composed in Manipravalam
– literally, “diamonds and corals” referring to the two
languages, Sanskrit and the regional language in Chera Kingdom
Lilatilakam,
Jagannath cult the deity was originally
a local god, who was later identified
with Vishnu. in state of
Orissa
, decided to erect a temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri.
Anantavarman
dedicated his kingdom to the deity and proclaimed
himself as the “deputy” of the god
king Anangabhima III
Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, it grew into a major art form.
Kathak
Intense style miniature painting in Himachal Pradesh
Basholi
Rasamanjari In HP paited by
Bhanudatta
kangara school influenced by
vaishanavait traditions
In the seventh century the Chinese traveller observed that languages related to Sanskrit were in use all over Bengal.
Xuan Zang
Early bengali literature indebted to sanskrit
Mangalakavyas and Chaitanya Deva leader of the Vaishnava bhakti
Early bengali literature independent of Sanskrit
Nath literature such as the songs of Maynamati and Gopichandra for deity Dharmathakur
Pir
A Persian word meaning a spiritual guide.popular in Bengal
low social groups in bengal who built temples
Kolu (oil pressers) and the Kansari (bell metal
workers
Dochala and chauchala
double roofed and four roofed temple struture in Bengal
The Brihaddharma Purana,
thirteenth-century Sanskrit text from Bengal, permitted the local Brahmanas to eat certain varieties of fish
Subahdar
governor of province in Mughal empire often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration
Iran ruler Nadir Shah, sacked and plundered
the city of Delhi in
1739
plundering raids by the Afghan ruler Ahmad
Shah Abdali, who invaded north India five times
between
1748 and 1761.
Watan jagirs
States that had considerable independence
These included several Rajput
principalities. (3)
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of Hyderabad
state, was one of the most powerful members at the
court of the Mughal Emperor
Farrukh Siyar.
Nayakas
Independent telugu warrior chiefs
Ijaradars
revenue farmers in Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad
He also reduced the size of jagirs in Awadh , and appointed his own loyal servants to vacant positions
Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan
naib
deputy governor (Murshid Quli Khan)
During his reign the banking house of Jagat
Seth became extremely prosperous.
rule of Alivardi Khan
Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur held the governorship of
Gujarat
Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Amber was
governor of
Malwa.
the Khalsa rose in revolt against the Mughal authority
under
Banda Bahadur’s leadership,
Banda Bahadur establish his own adminsitration between rivers
Sutlej and Jamuna
the Sikhs organized themselves into a number
of bands called
jathas, and later on misls
A system called rakhi was introduced in Sikh kingdom
for
offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a
tax of 20 per cent of the produce
Chauth
25 per cent of the land revenue claimed by zamindars
Sardeshmukhi
9-10 per cent of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in the Deccan
Jats they acquired control over territories situated to the west of the city of Delhi under leadership of
Churaman,
Under the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a
strong state.
Suraj Mal
Jats buildings were modelled on architectural forms first associated with royalty under
Shah Jahan
