Themes Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What is statebuilding according to Timothy Sisk?
A
“the creation or recovery of the authoritative, legitimate, and capable governance institutions that can provide for security and the necessary rule-of-law conditions for economic and social development”
2
Q
What does statebuilding offer to outsiders after war according to Timothy Sisk?
A
An opportunity to create or reform states so as to prevent a repeat of conflict and promote human development.
3
Q
What is the tension in statebuilding processes between external and internal actors?
A
Internal actors want to “own” the process but it can involve rather assertive external intervention.
4
Q
Why are civil wars present global problems accroding to Timothy Sisk?
A
“conflicts spill over with deleterious effects on neighboring states and regions, and they present man-made humanitarian emergencies that prompt international intervention to protect civilians and deliver relief”
5
Q
What period has seen post-civil war statebuilding rise to the top of the international peace and security agenda?
A
post-Cold War
6
Q
How does Timothy Sisk describe the threat civil war poses internationally?
A
“countries that are vulnerable to armed conflict are an ever-present threat to international peace and security”
7
Q
How did The Organization for Development Cooperation-Development Coordination Directorate define fragile state?
A
“States are fragile when state structures lack political will and/or capacity to provide the basic functions needed for poverty reduction, development and to safeguard the security and human rights of their populations.”
8
Q
What is peacebuilding according to Timothy Sisk?
A
“preventing the recurrence of conflict and beginning to address its root causes – is primarily about implementing peace agreements and fostering reconciliation”
9
Q
How does Timothy Sisk see the relationship between peacebuilding and statebuilding?
A
“Statebuilding, as such, is a specific approach to peacebuilding that sees improvements in government capacities to deliver on security and development aims as a long-term linchpin to consolidating peace and solidifying the institutions and processes of governance”
10
Q
How does statebuilding differ today compared to how states formed in the Western world according to Sisk?
A
They used to take centuries and occurred internally. Today they still occur with internal actors, but involve much greater involvement from external actors and occur in a much shorter time.
11
Q
How does Sisk describe the process of statebuilding today in comparison to old statebuilding processes?
A
““Statebuilding” in contemporary parlance – sometimes known as “international statebuilding” to reflect the prominent role that outsiders play in such processes – is very much about the interactions of internal and external or international efforts to essentially expedite and indeed shape endogenous processes with external involvement”
12
Q
What do international actors seek to do when building a state?
A
Shape it to ensure allignment with international norms.
13
Q
What are the international norms that external actors seek to promote according to Sisk?
A
Women’s rights, minority rights, or other vulnerable people, and democracy.
14
Q
Even though statebuilding is the common aim of international organizations, development agencies, and transnational NGOs, what is not common?
A
An agreement on how to go about building the state after civil war.
15
Q
What is the principle threat to international security in the post-Cold War era according to Sisk?
A
Conflict within countries: civil wars, repression from autocratic regimes.
16
Q
What are conflicts not?
A
Wholly internal, spilling over borders and impacting the international community.
17
Q
What is the first victim of a violent struggle in a state according to Sisk?
A
The state’s ability to govern.
18
Q
Which states tends to be the most affected by internal conflict?
A
Those at the bottom of the global rankings on human development.
19
Q
What has been as result of conflict in Iraq?
A
Food insecurity
20
Q
Which organisation has tried to intervene to help the food insecurity in Iraq?
A
In 2009 the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation tried to restore destroyed marshlands to help food shortages.
21
Q
What did the government of Charles Taylor not do after the first liberian civil war (1989-1996)?
A
Rebuild state institutions, leading to no functioning government and human security threats and deprivation. (Sisk)
22
Q
What can instability in the constitutional framework do in the immediate wake of conflict?
A
Serve as triggers for further conflict - without a state to mediate disputes and reconcile interests, conflict is likely to repeat.
23
Q
What is the viscious cycle Sisk identifies in fragile states?
A
“Thus, there is a vicious cycle of violence, state weakness, social dislocation, and economic and environmental deterioration in most countries that suffer from the fragility syndrome.”
24
Q
How did states emerge according to Sisk?
A
“states emerged, historically, in part from the battles and struggles of kings to protect themselves from external threats, to rule over feudal lords who might challenge their supremacy, to extend authority over often autonomous city-states, and to curb the power of religious authorities over society”
25
What is the only precise definition of a state in codified international law?
The Montevideo Convention of 1933: a permanent population, a specified territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.
26
What effect did colonisation and empire have?
It disseminated the contemporary state system meaning it was inherited rather than internally constructed at the end of the colonial era.
27
Give an example of a state being formed as a result of colonialism.
Modern India and Pakistan through partition in 1948.
28
How does Sisk characterise Charles Tilly's account of state formation?
"state formation and statebuilding have emerged historically largely out of external and internal war-making, through which states seek to expand and to secure external stability; through internal war, in which leaders emerge victorious over internal rivals; and through the political economy of taxation and the ability to raise recurring sources of revenue in order to fund the war and to protect allies"
29
What does Sisk say states require today?
"both external legitimacy – recognition of their sovereignty by outside authority, principally membership of the United Nations – and internal legitimacy, or embeddedness in their societies"
30
As well as international recognition, where else does Sisk say legitimacy comes from?
"process legitimacy through which rulers are chosen or laws are made...output or performance legitimacy...the ability to effectively provide public goods of security or the conditions for economic development; and through shared beliefs, or traditional sources such as a common national identity and beliefs shaped by religion, tradition, or the personality-cult following of transformative leaders"
31
What must states be today according to Sisk?
"inclusive, both normatively in terms of international human rights and practically in terms of effective governance through broad participation of the poor and marginalized as a precursor to broader social stability"
32
How does Sisk describe sovereignty during statebuilding?
"we can explain the in-between space of international intervention and local ownership as one of “shared” sovereignty between international actors and local elites"
33
What is a transitional administration?
Where sovereignty is held solely by an external actor in transitional administrations, assuming temporary or transitional authority over a territory.
34
How does Sisk describe the outcomes of transitional administrations?
"disappointing; they seem subject to crisis and reversal"
35
Due to the disappointment of transitional administrations, what is statebuilding recognised as today?
"an essentially internally driven process, and that the most appropriate role for outsiders is to facilitate and support capacity through military intervention such as peacekeeping, UN “political missions” as in Iraq, Afghanistan, or Nepal, and through post-war aid flows"
36
What are some criticisms Sisk identifies about the potential for international aid during the statebuilding process?
- "lack a common strategy and seem unable to coordinate in such a way as to create the right incentives for local protagonists to build capable institutions"
- "resources – specialists, infrastructure needs, and capital – are often insufficient, or, conversely, overwhelming of the context and thus create aid dependencies"
- "aid flows create incentives for local leaders and bureaucrats of states to be more loyal to the donors than to their own people"
- "ultimately injurious and neglectful of local desires and realities"
37
What does the need to ensure stability lead to according to Sisk?
"dilemmas of authority arise in which the international community may need to exercise a muscular security presence to ensure stability and peace; however, this serves to dis-empower local actors and create problems of neo-imperial overstretch, or, concomitantly, dependency on a continued international presence"
38
What sort of state definition has become orthodoxy and the type of state that is aimed for in statebuilding? (Nicolas Lemay-Hébert)
"As this chapter claims, the Weberian approach to statehood is the starting point for a number of analyses, having attained the status of orthodoxy in the mainstream literature. Following this ‘institutional approach,’ the state is equated with its institutions, state collapse is understood in terms of the collapse of state institutions, and statebuilding implies their reconstruction."
39
What does the institutional approach to statebuilding lead to? (Nicolas Lemay-Hebert)
"Second, the Weberian sociological approach of state autonomy leads researchers to conveniently distinguish statebuilding activities (understood in apolitical and technical terms) from ‘nation-building’ activities (linked to socio-political cohesion). "
40
What is Weber's definition of the state?
"Weber famously defines the state as ‘a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory’"
41
From the institutional perspective, what is a weak state and what needs to be done to strengthen it?
"From this perspective, a weak state is a political entity that lacks the institutional capacity to implement and enforce policies; statebuilding is the creation of new government institutions and the strengthening of existing ones. Scholars adopting this ‘institutional’ approach tend to focus on the administrative capability of the state and the ability of the state apparatus to affirm its authority over the society" (Nicolas Lemay-Hebert)
42
What is a failed state defined as?
"Boutros Boutros-Ghali defines state collapse as ‘the collapse of state institutions’" (Lemay)
43
What is seen as the standard of statebuilding and what does this ignore? (Lemay-Hebert)
"What appears crucial here is that in the forecasting process, ‘developed countries’ of the West set the standard against which other states are measured. It reifies the ‘Western state,’ failing to see divergences between different OECD state models, while ignoring other means of provision of public goods, such as those provided by informal or traditional systems."
44
Why is there a split between state and society in the statebuilding process? (Lemay-Hebert)
"This division between state structures and societal forces leads to a distinction between statebuilding and nation-building, on the premise that it is possible to conduct statebuilding operations from the outside without entering into the contested sphere of nation-building (Lemay-Hébert, 2009). In other words, it is possible to target the institutions of a given state, to reconstruct the state capabilities, without engaging in the realm of socio-political cohesion of ‘society’ in general."
45
What is an alternative to the institutional approach of statebuilding? (Lemay-Hebert)
"While accepting the institutional approach’s focus on the security apparatus and state institutions, especially as a critical first step in statebuilding processes, the ‘legitimacy approach’ adds a layer of complexity in drawing attention to the state’s underlying legitimacy. Hence, the strength of the state has to be defined in terms of ‘the capacity of state to command loyalty—the right to rule’"
46
What does the legitimacy appraoch to statebuilding stress? (Lemay-Hebert)
"But attention to the ‘idea of the state’ is the unique element of the legitimacy approach, and one with far-reaching implications. If a state cannot exist without a physical base, as the institutionalists stress, the reverse is also true: ‘without a widespread and quite deeply rooted idea of the state among the population, the state institutions themselves have difficulty functioning and surviving’"
47
How is Mozambique viewed as a statebuilding project? (Meera Sabaratnam)
"Mozambique has counted among one of the major early ‘success stories’ of post-conflict peacebuilding in that it brought formerly warring parties into a generally peaceful and regular electoral cycle, its central government has expanded its provision of public services"
48
When and how did independence come for Mozambique? (Sabaratnam)
"Independence was hard fought in Mozambique, eventually coming in 1975 following a coup in Lisbon."
49
Who was power handed to in Mozambique after independence and what challenge did they face? (Sabaratnam)
"State power was handed over to the Frelimo movement, which had been fighting an anti-colonial guerrilla war; it had to find ways of building up state functions, authority, and capacity from a low baseline."
50
How did the Frelimo movement seek to exert its power in Mozambique, demonstrating a continuity with colonialism? (Sabaratnam)
"A hierarchical network of Party cells, based on colonial administrative divisions, became the engine for the spread of its influence, which also became highly fused with the structures of local state administration"
51
How does Meera Sabaratnam characterise Frelimo's approach to governing in Mozambique after independence?
"However, in many places these reproduced and connected with existing forms of social authority"
52
What did the new government of Mozambique seek to do to the rural economy after independence? (Meera Sabaratnam)
" the government promoted the development of gigantic state farms and co-operatives that peasants were encouraged – and sometimes compelled – to work at or join, often producing the same crops as under colonialism."
53
What did the post independence government in Mozambique seek to do? (Sabaratnam)
"Overall, then, the post-independence statebuilding project sought explicitly to be revolutionary and to overturn colonial rule through new ideas for political authority, public administration and the political economy."
54
Despite the Frelimo movements ambitions, what were they forced to do after independence? (Sabaranam)
"Yet despite these radical ambitions, there were often striking continuities with dynamics of hierarchy in social relations"
55
What was the second stage of statebuilding in Mozambique, and when was it? (Sabaratnam)
socialist post-independence state from 1975 to 1989
56
What was the third attempt at statebuilding in Mozambique, and when was it? (Sabaratnam)
the liberal post-conflict restructuring from 1990 to today
57
What did the liberal statebuilding project in Mozambique aim at? (Sabaratnam)
"The guiding principles for these reforms were economic and political liberalization, technical assistance, renewed framings for development policy, good governance, and capacity-building. In design, these principles were intended to remake the relationship between state and citizenry along liberal and democratic lines, and thus reduce violence."
58
What constitutes just under half of the government's budget in Mozambique? (Sabaratnam)
"By 1989 the population was heavily reliant on food aid from donors, and by 1994 foreign aid overall counted for 60 per cent of Gross National Income."
59
Why was intervention deemed to be justified in Timor Leste? (Julien Barbara)
"Intervention was justified because governance was deemed to have so completely broken down in subject states that ‘normal’ forms of engagement would be ineffective in restoring human security"
60
What was UNTAET granted in East Timor? (Barbara)
"In East Timor, UNTAET was granted broad sovereign powers to build a new state"
61
What is UNTAET?
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
62
What has the population of East Timor proven to be, despite expectations? (Julien Barbara)
"Subject populations have proved surprisingly ‘ungrateful’ for interventionary effort. Anticipated peace dividends fail to materialize as a basis for state viability, requiring long-term international subsidization"
63
What have statebuilders failed to do in East Timor? (Barbara)
"Statebuilders have struggled to support effective nation-building as a necessary corollary to functional statebuilding."
64
Who became majorly invovled in statebuilding in East Timor? (Barbara)
"Australia became a prominent statebuilding practitioner in the early 21st century with its central involvement in East Timor"
65
What can statebuilding intervention do? (Barbara)
"Intervention itself can create dependency and crowd out indigenous statebuilding efforts. Interveners and newly sovereign counterparts may find themselves with competing visions of the nation-state, complicating prospects for post-statebuilding cooperation"
66
When did the UNTAET begin?
1999
67
What was the UNTAET given in 1999 and for what purpose? (Barbara)
"Invested in 1999 with a broad Security Council mandate, the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) enjoyed full sovereign powers to support a comprehensive statebuilding programme and prepare the country for independence."
68
What did UNTAET control in East Timor? (Barbara)
"UNTAET ran East Timor’s indigenous security forces and the international peacekeeping mission"
69
When was independence formally achieved in East Timor?
2002
70
What happened in 2006 in East Timor, and what did it demonstrate? (Barbara)
"Normalization efforts proved premature. The outbreak of tensions between East Timor’s police and military forces in April–May 2006 heralded a period of significant instability and highlighted the fragility of new institutions built on unstable socio-political foundations"
71
What was established after the outbreak of violence in 2006 in East Timor?
UNMIT - UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste
72
What led to the return of Austrailian troops in East Timor? (Barbara)
"Assassination attempts on President Ramos-Horta and Prime Minister Gusmão in early 2008 saw the return of Australian troops"
73
How does Julien Barbara characterise the results of attempts in statebuilding today?
"Timorese administrative capacity remains weak, with state institutions bequeathed by the UN remaining fragile and dependent on international support."
74
What is meant by state capacity? (Alina Rocha Menocal)
"Capacity refers to the state’s ability to provide its citizens with basic life chances. These include protection from curable diseases; basic education; social protection; and a basic administration that regulates social and economic activities sufficiently to increase collective gains and avoid massive negative externalities."
75
What does statebuilding refer to? (Richard Caplan)
"State building refers to efforts to reconstruct, or in some cases to establish for the first time, an effective indigenous government in a state or territory where no such capacity exists or where the capacity has been seriously eroded"
76
What other aims are associated with statebuilding todat, other than effectiveness? (Richard Caplan)
"Among these further aims are, notably, the establishment of the rule of law, democratic norms and institutions, and a free-market economy"
77
When were the Dayton Peace Accords signed?
1995
78
What are the Dayton Peace Accords? (Caplan)
"The international administration of Bosnia, which has no formal name, was established as part of a complex peace process that culminated in the 1995 signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, better known as the Dayton Peace Accords"
79
What has the High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovenia been gradually empowered to do? (Caplan)
"Over time, however, the high representative has been given more authority, including the power to dismiss local officials deemed to be obstructing implementation of the accords and to issue interim laws if the local parties are "unable" to do so"
80
What is the high representative supposed to do? (Caplan)
"The high representative - the highest international civilian authority in Bosnia - has as his chief state-building function to facilitate the local parties' own efforts to establish political and constitutional institutions and to mobilize and coordinate the activities of other organizations and agencies involved in the process"
81
What is the PIC in Bosnia and Herzegovina?
Peace Implementation Council
82
What did the PIC do in 1997 in Bosnia and Herzegovina? (Caplan)
grant the Bonn Powers - "At its meeting in Bonn in December 1997, the PIC endorsed the high representative's intention to use his authority to facilitate the resolution of difficulties by issuing binding decisions to take effect when the local parties are unable (that is, unwilling) to reach agreement and to remove from public office individuals who violate their legal commitments under the Dayton peace agreement or obstruct its implementation."
83
How many laws and amendments did the OHR make between 1997 and 2001, showing its extensive use of the Bon Powers?
166
84
What other use of the Bonn Powers has there been by the OHR? (Caplan)
"Among the officials dismissed have been mayors, presidents of municipal assemblies, cantonal ministers, judges, delegates to entity parliaments, a former prime minister of the Bosnian Federation, the president of Republika Srpska, and a (Croat) member of the Bosnian presidency"
85
When did Paddy Ashdown hold the OHR in Bosnia and Herzegovina?
2002-2006
86
How does Caplan describe Ashdown's approach to the OHR?
"Paddy Ashdown, the current high representative, who began his tenure in May 2002, has been even more vigorous in his use of Bonn powers: he has issued, on average, fourteen decisions a month as opposed to four a month under Carlos Westendorp, the second high representative"
87
How have local parties acted towards the OHR at times to try and take advantage of th Bonn Powers? (Caplan)
"Moreover, with respect to politically unpopular decisions, the local parties have sometimes found it preferable to leave it to the high representative simply to impose these measures rather than legislate for themselves, creating what Wolfgang Petritsch called a dependency syndrome: "Local parties begin to rely opportunistically on the political intervention of the High Representative, especially when it comes to unpopular measures."
88
Is the OHR responsible to the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina? (Caplan)
"Strictly speaking, the high representative is accountable to the body that appoints him or her, and that is the PIC. The high representative, who serves at the pleasure of the PIC and therefore reports to the PIC, is also required to report regularly to the UN secretary-general; the appointment of the high representative is endorsed by the Security Council. "
89
What has the lack of accountability in Bosnia and Herzegovenia with regards the OHR led to according to Caplan?
"Lack of accountability sends the wrong message to a people whose democracy is still in its infancy. It also leaves the powers of the high representative largely unchecked, as neither the PIC nor the Security Council concerns itself with close scrutiny of his decisions. "
90
What does Fukuyama blame weak and failed states for?
"Weak or failed states are close to the root of many of the world’s most serious problems, from poverty and AIDS to drug trafficking and terrorism."
91
What do we know how to transfer in statebuilding, and what is this lacking? (Fukuyama)
"We know how to transfer resources, people, and technology across cultural borders. But well-functioning public institutions require certain habits of mind, and operate in complex ways that resist being moved"
92
In what way can a failed state be to blame for AIDs epidemics? (Fukuyama)
"While part of the AIDS problem is a matter of resources, another important aspect is the government capacity to manage health programs. Anti-retroviral drugs are not only costly, but complicated to administer. Unlike one-shot vaccines, they must be taken in complex doses over long periods of time; failure to follow the proper regimen may actually make the epidemic worse by allowing the HIV virus to mutate and develop drug resistance."
93
What has the end of the Cold War led to according to Fukuyama?
"The end of the Cold War left a band of failed or weak states stretching from the Balkans through the Caucasus, the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. State collapse or weakness had already created major humanitarian and human rights disasters with hundreds of thousands of victims during the 1990s in Somalia, Haiti, Cambodia, Bosnia, Kosovo, and East Timor."
94
What event led to the recognition that failed states are an international problem? (Fukuyama)
"For a while, the United States and other countries could pretend that these problems were just local, but the terrorist attacks of September 11 proved that state weakness constituted a huge strategic challenge as well. Radical Islamist terrorism combined with the availability of weapons of mass destruction added a major security dimension to the burden of problems created by weak governance. "
95
How does Fukuyama interpret Weber's definition of the state?
"The eminent German sociologist Max Weber famously defined the state as “a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.” In other words, the essence of stateness is enforcement: the ability, ultimately, to send someone with a uniform and a gun to force people to comply with the state’s laws. "
96
What two forms of 'stateness' does Fukuyama refer to?
The scope of the state, referring to the functions and goals of the state, and the strength of the state, which refers to its ability to plan and implement laws
97
What is now the conventional wisdom in statebuilding? (Fukuyama)
"Those who make and study development policy now take for granted much that has been said so far about the importance of state strength. “Institutions matter” has been a watchword since at least 1997. "
98
How does fukuyama describe the statebuilding record?
"The record, however, if we look at it honestly, is not an impressive one, and in many cases our interventions have actually made things worse"
99
How does Oliver Richmond describe statebuilding in his book 'Failed Statebuilding'?
"They represent the ‘rule of experts’ – a form of neo-trusteeship often conducted in an authoritarian style contrary to prescriptions about democratic and human rights"
100
What has happened in Timor Leste according to Richmond?
"In many states, such as Timor-Leste, historical socio-political frameworks exist around which authority and legitimacy have long been organised. Yet these have been ignored by both statebuilding and peacebuilding processes. The predictable result has been that the state has little everyday meaning in people’s lives, other than perhaps as a failure, an absence, or a predator. Public services, infrastructure, law and security are absent"
101
What does statebuilding hide according to David Chandler?
"For others, the language of capacity-building and empowerment merely hides the traditional practices of empire or even extends them in new regulatory forms"
102
What do statebuilding efforst by western states represent attempts to do? (Chandler)
"Instead, state-building forms of regulation are considered, in the context of Empire in Denial, as attempts by Western states and international institutions to deny the power which they wield and to evade accountability for its exercise."
103
How is power used according to David Chandler?
"Power is exercised in a way which is transforming international relations and the relations between non-Western states and their societies. But the actors who wield this power seek to deny accountability for its exercise"
104
Where is empire in denial? (Chandler)
"Empire is also in denial in the protectorates of Bosnia and Kosovo. In Bosnia there is the pretence that Bosnia is an independent state negotiating with – rather than run by – the EU"
105
How do empire deniers talk? (Chandler)
"The new administrators of empire talk about developing relations of ‘partnership’ with subordinate states, or even of African ‘leadership’, at the same time as instituting new mechanisms of domination and control"
106
What is a phantom state?
"the phenomenon of ‘phantom states’ whose governing institutions may have extensive external resourcing but lack social or political legitimacy"
107
How do states appear on the surface and what lies below? (Chandler)
"On the surface, the post-Cold War UN framework of sovereign equality appears to be intact but, underneath the formal trappings of independence, non-Western state governments have been opened up to a wide range of external regulatory controls and direct intervention under the rubric of state capacity-building"
108
How does empire deny itself? (Chandler)
"the political power of decision-making elites seeks to clothe itself in non-political, therapeutic or purely technical, administrative and bureaucratic forms"
109
What makes a state a phantom state?
"The states created, which have international legal sovereignty but have ceded policy-making control to international institutions, are phantom states because their lack of self-government prevents them from being recognised or legitimised as embodying a collective expression of their societies"
110
Who provides the government of Bosnia?
"The EU provides its government; the international High Representative is an EU employee and the EU’s Special Representative in Bosnia. This EU administrator has the power to directly impose legislation and to dismiss elected government officials and civil servants"
111
What are politicians subordinate to in Bosnia? )Chandler)
"There are no independent structures capable of articulating alternative policies. Politicians are subordinate to international institutions through the mechanisms of governance established which give EU bureaucrats and administrators the final say over policy-making"
112
What has external regulation in bosnia prevented? (Chandler)
"What Bosnia has received is external regulation which has, in effect, prevented the building of genuine state institutions which can engage with and represent social interests"
113
How is the Bosnian state seen by Bosnians? (cHANDLER)
"a state which was not a product of popular consensus or popular involvement and one which, unsurprisingly, was seen by many Bosnians as an external imposition"
114
What is the newest state of the 21st century?
East Timor
115
What has the UN made in East Timor according to Jarat Chopra?
"In effect, the UN has given birth to a failed state"
116
What do indigenous people generally create? (Chopra)
"the social structures of indigenous communities invariably generate sources of political legitimacy according to their own paradigm — throughout the time of the state before it collapsed or the foreign occupation before it left, and in the wake of both"
117
How did international officials act in East Timor? (Chopra)
"The second factor was malevolence on the part of international officials. The unprecedented powers to be assumed by the UN attracted the very type of individual who would be intoxicated by that thought. The mission itself was corrupting, even for individuals who were not already pursuing power for its own sake"
118
How did officials act in East Timor? (Chopra)
"Put in a certain structure and context, foreign staff exhibited colonial-style behaviour"
119
What did UN ofiicials in East Timor believe about the Timorese people? (Chopra)
"Many felt that the Timorese could not be relied on, that they lacked skills and were not ready for self-government, that the UN should stay and its personnel could keep their jobs for longer. Some officials even attempted methodically to prevent the participation of Timorese in the transitional government of the country. They wanted to wield unfettered their newfound authority and spend the hundreds of millions of dollars committed by the world’s donors"
120
What happened after the Timorese voted for independence from Indonesia under the UN-sponsored 'popular consultation' vote in 1999? (Chopra)
"The independence vote triggered a three-week campaign called ‘Operation Clean Sweep’, in which Indonesian armed forces and locally-organized militia reduced buildings to rubble and executed hundreds, possibly upwards of 2,000, East Timorese"
121
What did the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Transitional Administrator, Sergio Vieira de Mello, have the power to do in East Timor? (Chopra)
"He had the sole authority to issue ‘regulations’ as national legislation in the absence of an elected legislative assembly"
122
Are UN officials in East Timor accountable to the poeple?
no
123
What did local populations revert to in East Timor? (Chopra)
"Instead, villages reverted to traditional power structures, which were manipulated — well below the radar screens of international observers — to achieve an overwhelming result in the Constituent Assembly elections of August 2001"
124
Why does the UN claim success in East Timor? (Chopra)
"For the UN claims success based on the fact that there was an orderly election in 2001 — or rather, that there are no bodies piling up and that there is someone to whom to transfer the mantle of authority"
125
What was contradictory about statebuilding in east timor? (Chopra)
"It was contradictory to be the government of a country and to remain aloof from the politics of the people"
126
When did East Timor gain its independence and what did it look like? (Chopra)
"Indeed, on 20 May 2002, East Timor achieved its full independence and became the newest state of the twenty-first century. The UN Development Programme published its human development index for ‘the poorest country in Asia’, with indicators comparable to the most severely collapsed places in the world (UNDP, 2002). In statistical terms, UNTAET had given birth to a failed state"
127
What did Paddy Ashdown say to Bosnian parliamentarians in 2002? (Martin and Knaus)
"As he told Bosnia’s parliamentarians, “The more you reform, the less I will have to. The less you reform, the more I will have to.” "
128
Do outsiders merely participate in politics in Bosnia and Herzegovenia? (Martin and Knaus)
"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, outsiders do more than participate in shaping the political agenda—something that has become the norm throughout Eastern Europe, as governments aspire to join the European Union. In BiH, outsiders actually set that agenda, impose it, and punish with sanctions those who refuse to implement it. At the center of this system is the OHR, which can interpret its own mandate and so has essentially unlimited legal powers"
129
What can the OHR do in Bosnia and H? (Martin and Knaus)
"It can dismiss presidents, prime ministers, judges, and mayors without having to submit its decisions for review by any independent appeals body. It can veto candidates for ministerial positions without needing publicly to present any evidence for its stance. It can impose legislation and create new institutions without having to estimate the cost to Bosnian taxpayers"
130
How does the situation in Bosnia appear to outsiders? (Martin and Knaus)
"To an outsider who naively stumbles across them, such political arrangements bear an uncanny resemblance to a form of governance that has long gone out of fashion—namely, that of an imperial power over its colonial possessions. Bosnia is a country where expatriates make major decisions, where key appointments must receive foreign approval, and where key reforms are enacted at the decree of international organizations"
131
How does the governance of B+H resemble the East India Company? (Martin and KNaus)
"Vast ambitions, the fervent belief in progress, the assumption that outsiders can best interpret the true interest of a subject people—all these are hallmarks that the international administration in Bosnia shares with the British East India Company and the Utilitarian philosophers who staffed it in the early nineteenth century"
132
