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Question 1

Mr Smith is a 40-year-old man who was travelling abroad when he developed cerebral malaria following infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Despite intervention, he undergoes a rapid clinical deterioration with the onset of drowsiness, focal fits and coma and unfortunately dies. Which underlying parasite-induced cellular pathological changes account for this?

Answer 1

Cytoadherence and resetting

Question 2

A normal fluorescence microscope permits the excitation of all parts of the specimen in the optical path resulting in the detection of the fluorochromes in the tissue. A confocal microscope improves this by eliminating out of focus signals to achieve sharper, 3 dimensional images, but what features of the microscope enable this?

Answer 2

Pinhole mechanism with point illumination

Question 3

A 40-year-old man presents with haemoptysis. He complains of a chronic intractable cough and pain in the upper right part of his chest. He has a contact history of tuberculosis in the family. Chest Xray reveals a cavity in the upper lobe of the lung. Sputum examination and staining showed the results below with the reporting of acid-fast bacilli. What is the histological stain used to generate this image?

Answer 3

Ziehl -neelsen