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Citizenship > Theme D > Flashcards

Theme D Flashcards

1
Q

Oppurtunities for participation

A
  • Politics
  • The local community
  • The wider community
  • Serving in society
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2
Q

Barriers to participation

A
  • Busy lives
  • A lack of interest in politics
  • A lack of awareness
  • Worry about process
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3
Q

Direct action

A

When people try to achieve political goals themselves. e.g. through protests

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4
Q

Indirect action

A

When people try to influence politicians to act for them. e.g. using petitions

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5
Q

Examples of Direct citizenship action

A
  • Join or start a campaign, march, demonstration, protest.
  • Boycott companies or countries in protest of their actions, or policies, or go on strike.
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6
Q

Examples of Indirect citizenship action

A
  • Join a political party, vote in elections and referndums, stand for election as a councillor or MP.
  • Lobby politicians and join pressure groups that try to influence policy on a particular cause.
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7
Q

Peoples reasons for getting involved in communities, scoiety and politics include…

A
  • Influence from: culture, religion, personal experience or peers.
  • Concern about making a difference
  • The desire to improve the community by completing work that otherwise is not done
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8
Q

Why some people don’t vote or participate in politics

A
  • Difficulty getting to a polling station
  • Not interested in politics
  • Do not understand enough about politics
  • Feel their vote won’t make a difference
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9
Q

Improving Voter engagement

A
  • Make voting compulsory
  • Increase face-to-face meetings between candidates and voters
  • Improve citizenship education for young people
  • Change the FPTP system so every vote counts
  • Allow voting across the weekend
  • Place voting polls in more convenient places
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10
Q

Advantages of improving political participation through social media

A
  • Messages can be targeted to particular voters
  • Getting likes and shares helps spread message
  • Allows parties to pick up on issues that are important to voters
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11
Q

Disadvantages of improving political participation through social media

A
  • In 2014, Labour MP Emily Thornberry resigned from the shadow cabinet after tweeting a picture of a house covered in England flags, some felt as though she was mocking working-class voters
  • Concerns about sites putting out ‘fake news’ that confuses voters, which turns off politics
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12
Q

Democratic Features

A
  • Fair and free elections
  • Govermental checks and balances
  • Citizen inclusion in politics
  • Citizen support for the government
  • Freedom of expression for citizens
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13
Q

Public Institutions

A

Schools and universities, libraries, hospitals, and the courts

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14
Q

Public Services

A

Police, fire and ambulance services.

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15
Q

Public Services and Institutions

A
  • Funded by the state through people’s income tax and National Insurance
  • Government offers them to support citizens in their everyday lives e.g. NHS
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16
Q

Charities and voluntary groups

A
  • Work to support causes or groups in society and are non-profit making
  • Aim to raise awareness and funds for their cause in order to improve conditions, eliminate disease or create social change.
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17
Q

Interest groups

A
  • Share a common interest that may be political or not, and can promote their ideas in many ways.
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18
Q

Pressure groups

A

Interest groups that put pressure on government to adapt policies that help issues they care about.

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19
Q

Examples of Interest and Pressure groups

A
  • Age UK
  • Oxfam
  • Amnesty International
  • Greenpeace
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20
Q

Trade Unions

A

Act on behalf of workers and represent their employers in the democratic process.

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21
Q

Trade Union actions:

A
  • Help to protect workers’ rights and campaign for better pay and conditions
  • Use collective bargaining to negotiate with employers
  • Can represent a worker at a tribunal
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22
Q

Open Britain - National Campaign

A
  • Set up to challenge the UK’s departure from the EU, connecting UK grassroots supporters to adress policy.
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23
Q

Hands off HRI - Local Campaign

A

Set up to stop the closure of Huddersfield Royal Infirmary.

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24
Q

Origins of trade unions

A
  • 1824 The Combination Acts were repealed and unions began to grow
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25
Q

Rights in the workplace

A
  • A contract of employement
  • At least national minimum wage
  • Protection from discrimination
  • Higher national living wage
  • Health and safety
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26
Q

Staff Associations uphold rights in three ways:

A
  • Negotiation
  • Representation
    -Support
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27
Q

Article 19 of the Universal Decleration of Human Rights

A

Freedom of Expression

28
Q

Media have a key role to:

A
  • To investigate issues and expose problems that are in the public interest
  • To scrutinise the gov and those in power, holding them accountable
29
Q

An example of why free press is important

A

The media investigation and exposure of MP’s expenses claims scandal 2009.

30
Q

Accuracy and respect in reporting

A
  • A newspaper can be sued for civil offence or libel if they write untrue things about people
  • People can sue the media for civil offence of slander if the media says untrue things about them.
31
Q

Role of the press regulator

A
  • The BBC is governed by the Royal Charter. It has a responsibilty to be impartial.
32
Q

Reasons why censorship may occur:

A
  • To protect national security
  • To protect people from harmful and offensive content
  • Protect children
  • Respect court case decisions
  • prevent promotion or glorification of terrorism
  • protect peoples rights, including celebs
33
Q

The EU

A
  • To encourage cooperation on issues such as peace, security, trade, environment and social issues.
  • 28 member countries
  • EU law must be put in place in member countries
  • The UK paid 13 billion bounds in contributions in 2017
34
Q

The Council of Europe

A

To promote human rights, democracy and the rule of law
- Set up in 1949
- The UK is a founding member
- Cannot make binding laws but can enforce laws
- Developed the European Convention of Human Rights
- The UK contributed 32 million in 2018

35
Q

Benefits of the EU

A
  • Free Trade
  • Large Single Market of around 500 million people
  • Financial support for infrastructure
  • Compliance with legislation and policies
36
Q

Obligations of the EU

A
  • Members of the single market obliges members to give preferential treatment to other EU members
  • Member states have to pay into the EU to fund all of its operations
  • EU law has primacy.
37
Q

Setting standards for consumer rights in the EU

A
  • Traders must provide clear information for consumers
  • Consumers are protected by the product liability directive
  • The Court of Justice of the EU can act to protect consumers.
38
Q

Free movement of citizens in the EU

A

UK and EU citizens can work, study, live and retire in any EU nation.

39
Q
A
40
Q

The United Nations

A
  • Set up in 1945
  • Includes 193 member countries
  • The UK is one of five permanent members of the Security Council of the UN.
41
Q

The UN General Assembly and agencies

A
  • The Human Rights Council - works to uphold human rights around the world
  • The World Food Programme - helps get urgent humanitarian aid to people in disaster areas
  • UNICEF - works to help children all over the world
42
Q

Functions of the UN

A

To maintain international peace and scurity, protect human rights, deliver humanitarian aid, promote sustainable development and uphold international law.

43
Q

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

A
  • Set up in 1949
  • 32 members
  • aims to gurantee freedom and security of members by military and political means and solve problems through negotiation, with military back-up if force is needed.
  • Has been active in Afghanistan and Iraq
44
Q

The Commonwealth

A
  • 53 member states
  • KIng Charles is the head
  • Aims to promote economic, social and sustainable development, support democracy and peace, and protect the environment.
45
Q

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

A
  • Set up in 1995, has 164 members
  • Puts place rules that govern how countries do business with eachother
  • Tries to sort out disputes
46
Q

Benefits of The United Nations

A
  • Permanent member so we can veto anything
  • Can count on assistance in the event of a disaster
  • Access to financial help from the World Bank
  • Protection of Human Rights
47
Q

Commitments of The United Nations

A
  • Has to pay for a membership fee - UK is the fifth largest funder
  • The UK has to contribute troops for peacekeeping
  • The UK has a key role in maintaining peace.
48
Q

Benefits of NATO

A
  • Share expert military knowledge which makes success more likely
  • Improves security as the UK can rely whenever they need
49
Q

Commitments of NATO

A
  • Article 5
  • 2% of budget on NATO
50
Q

Benefits of The Commonwealth

A
  • Strong relationships with other countries
  • Could rely on the support of other members
51
Q

Commitments of The Commonwealth

A
  • The Commonwealth Charter
  • Payment for the benefit of ther nations like £500m to tackle Malaria in 2018.
52
Q

Benefits of World Trade Organisation (WTO)

A
  • Larger markets for UK goods
  • Trade is smoother
  • Helps resolve trade disputes
  • No favouritism
53
Q

Commitment of World Trade Organisation (WTO)

A
  • Commitment to avoid barriers to trade and to abide by WTO resolution of disputes
54
Q

Conflict situations

A
  • Civil wars - Syria
  • Minority that is being persecuted - Rohinga people in MYanmar because they are Muslims
55
Q

Humanitarian Intervention

A
  • When one country or a group of countries act to tackle abuses of human rights in another country
  • E.G. Between 1998 and 2008, the UK and NATO intervened in Kosovo, part of the former Yugoslavia.
56
Q

The Geneva Conventions

A

Sets out the rules for the treatment of people in war.
- Includes prisoners of war, the wounded or sick, civilians
- The use of biological and chemical weapons is forbidden, not permitted to kill an enemy who surrenders, civilians must not be attacked.

57
Q

International Criminal Court

A
  • Tribunal set up in 2002
  • 123 members - USA, China and Russia are not signed up
  • Hears cases of serious crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
58
Q

International Court of Justice

A
  • UN organisation based in the Netherlands
  • 15 judges that serve for 9 years
  • Only states can bring in cases
  • Permanent members can avoid it.
59
Q

NGOs

A

Bodies that are not run by governments. Independent from govs and from international organisations such as the UN and EU.

60
Q

NGOs have:

A
  • Can be charities
  • Have experience
  • Have clear humanitarian aims
  • are non-profit making
  • can work with govs
  • do not take sides in conflict
61
Q

What NGOs do:

A
  • Provide aid during natural disasters, disease, refugees, where human rights need protecting and improving conditions.
  • Examples: Ebola outbreak in 2015 (Save the Children), Water Aid, Red Cross
62
Q

Mediation

A
  • A neutral third party helps the sides discuss the issues.
  • E.G. Tony Blair was a Middle East peace envoy
63
Q

Sanctions

A
  • Penalties for breaking rules in international situations.
  • E.G. The UK imposed sanctions on Russia after its occupation of Crimea and fighting in Ukraine.
64
Q

Force

A

Considered to be last resort - could include:
- Direct intervention using military
- Supporting other fighters in the conflict zone
- Setting up and enforcing a no-fly zone
E.G. the UK interviened in Iraq in 2003as a part of operations with coalition forces in Libya

65
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Data that can be counted or measured in numerical values.

66
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Data representing information and concepts that are not represented by numbers.

67
Q

Research led by City Department of Journalism in 2013

A

Figures showed 4 men to every woman interviewed across leading UK news.

Citizenship (4 decks)

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