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Citizenship gsce > Theme D > Flashcards

Theme D Flashcards

1
Q

What are some opportunities for participation in politics/democracy?

A
  • Voting
  • Volunteering for local/widescale charities
  • Campaigning for largescale issues
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2
Q

What are some barriers to participation in politics and society?

A
  • Busy lives
  • Lack of interest
  • Lack of awareness
  • Worry about the process
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3
Q

What is direct action and some examples?

A
  • When people try to achieve political goals themselves
  • Protest, campaign, boycott, strike
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4
Q

What is indirect action and some examples?

A
  • When people try to influence those in power to act for them
  • Joining a party, voting, lobbying and joining a pressure group
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5
Q

What are three reasons as to why some people don’t vote or participate in politics?

A
  • Feel as though vote won’t make a difference
  • Practical reasons such as a lack of time
  • Not being educated enough on the issues and different parties
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6
Q

What are some solutions to increasing voter engagement?

A
  • Making voting compulsory
  • Change the FPTP system so that every vote counts
  • Make it so that you are able to vote online
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7
Q

What is meant by digital democracy and what are some pros and cons?

A
  • It is the use of online technology to engage more people in politics and make them more likely to vote
  • It is easier to vote online and so may increase turnout
  • Very tight security needed as there is a high likelihood of hacking or fraud
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8
Q

How can social media be used to improve political participation?

A
  • Messages can target specific groups of voters
  • Allows parties to pick up on issues that most impact voters
  • Voter turnout rose in the last election- which many thought was due to the use of social media
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9
Q

What are some drawbacks to use of social media for political participation?

A
  • Must be careful in how it’s used, as posting inconsiderate content may lead to receiving backlash
  • Concerns about sites putting out fake news, possibly confusing or misdirecting voters
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10
Q

What are the keys features of a democratic country?

A
  • Free and fair elections
  • Governmental checks and balances
  • Citizen inclusion in politics
  • Citizen support for the Government
  • Freedom of expression of thought
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11
Q

What is an example of a democratic country and some key features?

A
  • Norway (ranked No.1 in the world by The Economist’s democracy index)
  • Most adult citizens can vote, with registration being automatic
  • Elections are free, fair and open
  • Media are free to express any view they want
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12
Q

What is an example of a non-democratic country and some key features?

A
  • North Korea (ranked in the bottom 5 of democratic countries)
  • No genuine elections, with ballots only containing one candidate
  • Rigged elections, with only one party allowed
  • No free media
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13
Q

What is the roles of public institutions and services?

A
  • Includes things such as libraries, NHS and school
  • Supports citizens in day-to-day lives, whilst also being funded by income tax and NI
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14
Q

What are the roles of charities and voluntary groups?

A
  • Allow people to volunteer time and skills to help the suffering groups of society
  • Often non-profit and try to make funds to raise awareness and to support different causes
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15
Q

What are the roles of interest and pressure groups?

A
  • Represent different causes in society
  • Use direct and indirect action to hold the Government to account and influence public opinion
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16
Q

What are the roles of trade unions?

A
  • Act on behalf of workers to give a voice and represent them in the democratic process
  • Use methods such as collective bargaining, as well as campaigning and strikes
  • May represent them at tribunals
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17
Q

Why might working together benefit people trying to make a change?

A
  • Increase power and influence over politicians, as well as the public opinion
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18
Q

What is the OPEN BRITAIN national campaign and what did it try to achieve?

A
  • Set up to challenge the Brexit movement
  • Hold Government to account and argued for a people’s vote
  • Impact of the group may be deemed as unsuccessful, although it was influential for many
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19
Q

What was the HANDS OFF HRI local campaign and what did it try to achieve?

A
  • Local campaign set up to stop the closure of Huddersfield Royal Infirmary
  • Campaign organised mass demonstration, lobbying and fundraising
  • Judge deemed that it’s closure was not in the benefit of the people, so it stayed open
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20
Q

What are the origins of trade unions?

A
  • As industrialisation in the UK grew, workers challenged unfair conditions and wages
  • Trade Union Act of 1871 meant unions were protected by law
  • In 1979, 13.2 million people were represented by trade unions, before laws began to restrict their powers
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21
Q

What are some rights in the workplace that must be protected?

A
  • Contract of employment
  • At least a national minimum working wage
  • Protection from discrimination
  • Health and safety laws
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22
Q

What are the three key ways in which workplace laws are protected by unions and associations?

A
  • Negotiation
  • Representation
  • Support
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23
Q

What are some examples of media?

A
  • Newspapers
  • Social eg: Tiktok, Instagram…
  • Radio and TV
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24
Q

What is a free press?

A
  • This is when the media is able to report and release information, without Governmental control or restrictions
  • It is important in a democracy
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25
Q

What is the role of the media in influencing and reporting?

A
  • It involves accurate reporting of issues and events, to well-inform citizens
  • There are debates as to how well the media informs and influences the media, with a lot of fake news and bias stories being circulated
26
Q

What is the role of the media in investigating and scrutinising?

A
  • Reporting of the media means that people in power are unable to do whatever they wish, as they must appear to citizens as honest
  • Medias have a role in exposing problems, as well as holding people in power accountable
27
Q

What is a good example as to why free press is important?

A
  • The ‘Party gate’ scandal in lockdown- how the media reported and exposed the hypocritical and corrupt nature of the Parliament, before leading to many people in power resigning due to lack of trust
28
Q

What are some right of the media?

A
  • Freedom of expression (Human rights Act 1998)
  • Media can criticise governments and those in power, without a fear of persecution
  • Media can check whether those in power are breaking the law
29
Q

Why might the media be sued?

A
  • Through libel and slander, where they release untrue and damaging information about people
30
Q

What is the role of a press regulator?

A
  • Tasked with providing standards by which the media must comply with, when publishing information
  • Examples include IMPRESS and IPSO
31
Q

Why may censorship occur?

A
  • To protect national security
  • To protect people from harmful and offensive content. Eg: age-ratings and child identities in court
32
Q

How might groups, individuals and online methods be used to influence public opinion?

A
  • Protests and demonstrations may be done to attract the public interest and media
  • Writing directly to newspapers and magazines to get message across
  • Websites and online petitions to gather interest before going to Government
33
Q

How do those in power use the media to influence public opinion?

A
  • Social media: using posts and vlogs to spread their message to a wider audience
  • ‘Spin doctors’, who tailor their message to more effectively influence voters
  • Advertising on TV and newspapers, so more people know of the different policies
34
Q

When was the EU created and why?

A
  • Created in 1951, as part of the European Coal and Steel community
  • Aims to encourage cooperation on issues such as world peace, trade and the environment
35
Q

What are some benefits and disadvantages of the UK’s membership in the EU?

A
  • UK receives financial support for infrastructure, as well as freedom for movement and study in any EU country
  • UK is obliged to pay annually, as well as treat EU members more preferably
36
Q

How effective was the EU?

A
  • Quite effective, as it provided financial support and easier trade routes for many of its member states
  • The single market provided easy and more efficient trade for its members
37
Q

When was the Commonwealth created and why?

A
  • Created in 1931, after the independence of many states from the British Empire, yet they still wanted to work together
38
Q

What are some benefits and disadvantages of the UK being part of the Commonwealth?

A
  • UK monarch heads the organisation, as well as UK benefiting from strong relations and support
  • UK must uphold peace and democracy, as well as having to commit annual payments and time and effort to support members
39
Q

How effective is the Commonwealth?

A
  • Successful, as it helped to tackle malaria, as well as helping many girls to go to school
  • It also pledged £61 million to tackle waste
40
Q

When was NATO created and why?

A
  • It was created in 1949, to defend Western Europe against the growing threat of the Soviet Union
41
Q

What are some benefits and disadvantages of the UK being in NATO?

A
  • UK military can share expert military knowledge, as well as work with like-minded countries: making success in conflict more likely
  • UK must commit 2% of its funding to NATO
  • ‘Attack on one is an attack on all’ means that UK must send troops to help allies
42
Q

How effective is NATO?

A
  • A clear example of failure is the fact that Ukraine is currently under attack from Ukraine, and that Russia is still classed as one of the most dangerous countries
43
Q

When was the WTO created and why?

A
  • Created in 1995 to help raise the standard of living and help developing countries to build their trade capacity
44
Q

What are some benefits and disadvantages of the UK being in the WTO?

A
  • Reduced boundaries to trade, so larger market, as well as trade being smoother and disputes resolved
  • Commitment must be in place to abide by WTO regulations
  • ‘Most favoured nation’ rule means that UK isn’t allowed to be biased by supporting companies from here
45
Q

How effective is the WTO?

A
  • Successful in improving standards of trade, for example quality of foods and safety of gasoline trade has been improved
46
Q

When was the UN created and why?

A
  • Was created in 1945, to maintain international peace and prevent another World War
47
Q

What are some benefits and disadvantages of the UK being in the UN?

A
  • UK is a permanent member, with power to veto any decision
  • UK citizens benefit as human rights are taken very seriously
  • High membership fees must be paid, with the UK also having a lot of responsibility
48
Q

How effective is the UN?

A
  • Some examples of success, such as peacekeeping missions in Mozambique and Tajikistan
  • Unable to help out in situations such as Syrian civil war
49
Q

What are some key features of the Council of Europe?

A
  • Role of promoting democracy and the rule of law
  • Was set up in 1949, with 47 members
  • Cannot make binding laws, but can enforce agreements, as well as developing the European convention on human rights
50
Q

How has the UK’s relationship with the EU changed post-Brexit?

A
  • More restrictive rules around immigration
  • Non-UK vessels unable to fish in UK waters, without licence
  • Must have health insurance and at least 6 month remaining on passport when travelling
  • More tariffs and customs duties having to be paid when trading
51
Q

How must rights and responsibilities be balanced during times of war?

A
  • Human rights have a higher moral authority than laws passed by Governments- meaning that they come ahead of the rights of a country to conduct its own affairs
52
Q

What are the Geneva conventions?

A
  • Set of agreements set out to be followed during international war
  • Followed by most countries and highlight things such as the treatment of civilians, prisoners and wounded
53
Q

What is international humanitarian law?

A

-This refers to the rules around the protection of human rights of citizens during times of war

54
Q

What is the International criminal court (ICC)?

A
  • This is a tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands, set up to hear cases of serious crimes such as genocides and war crimes
  • Only acts when a country’s national courts are unavailable or a case is referred to it by the UN
55
Q

What is the International court of justice (ICJ)?

A
  • UN organisation in The Hague, Netherlands
  • Aims to settle legal disputes between member states, although the state doesn’t have to accept the ruling as they are sovereign
56
Q

What are NGOs?

A
  • These are non-governmental organisations, who are bodies that might be charities
  • They are often non-profit, with clear humanitarian aims and do not take sides in conflict
57
Q

What do NGOs do?

A
  • Responsible for working to protect people at risk and help support development
  • Examples of when they might work include: during natural disasters, when tackling disease, working with refugees, when rights need protecting and when conditions need improving
58
Q

What is mediation in international conflict?

A
  • This involves bringing together the two different sides, with a neutral third-party in place to help listen to and resolve the conflict
  • Tony Blair was a Middle-East peace envoy
59
Q

What is sanctions in international conflict?

A
  • This involves penalties for breaking rules, that often targets those in power
  • This may involve a ban on selling equipment to a country or even boycotting trade and products
  • UK refusing to purchase oil from Russia
60
Q

What is force in international conflict?

A
  • This involves direct military intervention, supporting other fighters or setting up no-fly zones
  • UK directly intervened by deploying its military in Iraq in 2003

Citizenship gsce (4 decks)

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