Theme 7: Social Development Issues Flashcards
What are some ways to measure social development? (7)
people per doctor life expectancy literacy rate avg food consumption number of homeless people infant mortality rate number of deaths from poor sanitation/ unsafe water
What are some social indicators of gender equality? (5)
male + female literacy rates fertility rate male + female life expectancy employment type male and female food consumption
What does GII stand for? Define it.
Gender Inequality Index. A measurement of gender disparity
Define Social Development
A measure of how well a society is changing for the better
define life expectancy
the average age a person is expected to live in a population
define literacy rate
the percentage of people who can read and write
define infant mortality rate
the number of babies per 1000 live births who die under the age of one
define fertility rate
the avg number of births to a woman in her lifetime
Which three key aspects of human development are measured by the GII?
- Health (Reproductive)
- Wealth (Economic)
- Empowerment
which two variables make up the female reproductive health index?
maternal mortality rate + adolescent birth rate
which two variables make up the female empowerment index and the male empowerment index?
female and male population with at least secondary education
female and male shares of parliamentary seats
which variable makes up the male/female labour market index?
female and male labour force participation rates
two indices combine to form the GII. what are the two indices called?
male gender index
female gender index
define GDP and state what it stands for
gross domestic product: the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year
what are variables?
factors that can change and influence the outcome
what is the continuum of social development?
a way of thinking about social development as a continuous process that does not have an end point 🛣
define the development gap
the gap that exists in the measurement of development between the world’s richest and poorest countries
What does HDI stand for? Define it. Which variables are taken into account?
Human Development Index
- a measure of the development in a country, taking into account GNI per capita, literacy rate, length of education and average life expectancy.
what does GNI stand for? define it
Gross National Income per capita: The avg income in a country per person
why should you think of the development gap as always changing?
changes happen in:
- money,
- vaccinations and healthcare,
- employment structure
- laws
what indicators are used to view the health of country or the state of the main health service provided within a country? (5)
avg life expectancy
infant mortality rate
% of GDP spent on healthcare
length of hospital waiting lists and waiting times
mortality rate of specific diseases eg. cancer, heart disease
Name the 4 component indicators of the HDI.
Avg length of schooling (years)
Literacy rate
GNI per capita
Life expectancy
population growth depends on the balance between which two rates?
death rate
birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: children provide labour on farms and security for old age
economic factor leading to higher birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: people tend to marry later … have reduced childbearing years
social factor leading to lower birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: large families are seen as a sign of virility
social factor leading to higher birth rates
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: women are educated and pursue careers which delay/ prevent them from having families
political factor leading to lower birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: girls may marry early and therefore extend their child-bearing years
social factor leading to higher birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: higher cost of living means it’s more expensive to raise children
economic factor leading to lower birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: women may lack education and stay at home to raise a family rather than work
social factor leading to higher birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: couples prefer to spend money on materialistic things such as holidays/ cars
economic factor leading to lower birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: a high infant mortality rate encourages larger families to ensure survival of some children
social factor leading to higher birth rate
state whether the factor is political, economic or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower birth rate: birth control is readily available
political factor leading to lower birth rates
state whether the factor is political or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower death rate: HIV, Ebola and other diseases difficult to control are having an impact in LICs
social factor that leads to higher death rate
state whether the factor is political or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower death rate: better healthcare and vaccination programmes are more available to people
political factor leading to lower death rate
state whether the factor is political or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower death rate: less physically demanding jobs put less stress on people physically
social factor leading to lower death rate
state whether the factor is political or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower death rate: people are educated about health and hygiene
political factor leading to lower death rate
state whether the factor is political or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower death rate: water supplies are more reliable and cleaner
political factor leading to lower death rate
state whether the factor is political or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower death rate: there is more sanitary disposal of waste
political factor leading to lower death rate
state whether the factor is political or social and whether it would lead to higher/ lower death rate: in HICs, the increasingly higher proportion of elderly people in ageing societies is leading to an increase in death rates
social factor leading to higher death rate
define birth/death rate
the number of births/deaths per 1000 people per year
what is a population pyramid?
a graph that shows the age and gender distribution of a population
what do population pyramids show us?
- the structure of the population
- how the structure of the population changes/ compares
define child labour
work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity
define migration
the movement of people from one place to another
how many child workers exist today? how many of them are under the age of ten?
168 million child workers exist today (estimate) and 73 million of these are under the age of ten (estimate)
what area of the world has the highest proportion of child workers?
sub-Saharan Africa
what are some of the causes of child labour?
migration
lack of access to or affordability of good education
poverty- children expected to support their family income
AIDS had led to an increased number of orphans, which leaves children vulnerable to child labour
unemployed parents
what are some consequences of child labour?
22,000 children die in work-related accidents yearly
children trapped in slavery, trafficking and prostitution
damaging effects on children’s health
growth deficiency and malnutrition
deprived of right to education
what are some charities tackling child labour?
ILO- The International Labour Organisation
UN- The United Nations
International World Day Against Child Labour
Child Hope
SOS Children’s Villages
what is ILO doing to tackle child labour? (5)
EDUCATING children CREATING trade unions IMPROVING social security systems INCREASING public awareness CHANGING attitudes
what is the UN doing to tackle child labour?
they’ve passed a number of conventions which aim to get international agreement on the issue of child labour
The UN Millenium Development Goal 2 set a target to do what?
- increase primary school enrolment from 83% in 2000 to 91% in 2015 in developing countries
- halve the number of children not attending school globally
define economic migrants
people who move with hope of earning more money elsewhere
define pull factors
factors that attract people to a place
define push factors
factors that make people want to leave a place
Define asylum seeker.
A person who is waiting for legal recognition as a refugee in another country.
International refugees are…
People who are forced to move to another country.
Why might people become refugees?
- persecution
- conflict
- a natural disaster
a country that is dealing with an influx of refugees?
Lebanon
what is the population of Lebanon?
4.4 million people
from which country/ies is Lebanon receiving their refugees?
- Syria (the civil war) (1.1 mil)
- Palestine (471,000)
- Iraq (6000)
- other countries near its border
what are some problems caused by the amount of refugees in Lebanon?
- Pressure on infrastructure (esp. healthcare)
- Tent cities cover large areas of Lebanon
- Limited access to sanitation/clean water
- Disease
- Lack of schooling
The response to refugees in…
Germany + Sweden?
the UK?
Austria?
G+S: see them as victims and have welcomed and integrated them into their societies
UK: promised to take only 20,000 refugees, will accept unaccompanied child refugees
AUSTRIA: trying to limit it to 80 people a day
What was the Schengen Agreement?
A 1995 EU agreement whereby some border checks between member states have been removed.
was the uk part of the schengen agreement?
no
what was Operation Sophia and what was its purpose?
An EU naval operation put in place to monitor the Mediterranean sea to prevent human smuggling and trafficking
what are some of the reasons for high infant mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa?
- neonatal infections
- diarrhoea
- lack of skilled birth attendants
- lack of vaccinations + mosquito nets
what is malaria?
what are some symptoms?
a serious tropical disease which if left untreated can be fatal; symptoms include fever, headaches, muscle pains and vomiting
how is malaria caused?
by parasites spread to people through the bites of infected mosquitos
in 2015, how many cases and deaths of malaria were there?
214 million cases and 438,000 deaths
where are the majority of the cases of malaria?
Africa
a country dealing with the impacts of malaria?
Malawi
why is Malawi vulnerable to malaria?
- Lake Malawi covers a third of its land area, and mosquitos thrive on its shores due to the warm, stagnant water
- high rural population (80%)
- doctors are a long walk away
who are at highest risk of malaria?
- children
- pregnant women
- those with HIV
when is the impact of malaria worst?
the rainy season, jan to april
what are some government strategies to tackle malaria?
- increase the number of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs)
- indoor residual spraying (IRS): spraying insecticides where mosquitos come into contact with people
- improve access to fast and effective treatment
what is HIV?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system and weakens its ability to fight infections.
if left untreated, HIV may lead to AIDS
what is AIDS?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is the final stage of HIV infection which may lead to death unless treated
what area of the world has the highest number of HIV/AIDS cases?
sub-Saharan Africa
what is the life expectancy in Malawi?
50 years
Are the rates of HIV higher in rural or urban areas?
urban
why are many people in poverty due to AIDS/HIV?
- the parents are too ill to work.
- children might drop out of school to care for their ill parents as well
- the development of the country is limited due to a reduction in taxes as fewer people work as they’re ill
- there are 530,000 orphans in Uganda due to AIDS/HIV
what are some government strategies to combat HIV/AIDS?
- The ABC policy. Abstinance, Be faithful, Condoms
- Increase in the distribution of anti-retroviral drugs (they help with HIV- don’t cure it)
- Increase in the distribution of condoms
a country dealing with the impacts of HIV/AIDS?
Uganda
define bottom-up approach to tackling issues
projects that are planned and led by local communities to help their local area
define top-down approach to tackling issues
large-scale projects that are decided on by national governments
what are the advantages of a bottom-up approach?
- small scale so less costly
- more sustainable
- meet the needs of the community better
- help communities help themselves
what are the advantages of the top-down approach?
- large scale
what are the disadvantages of the top-down approach?
- frequently lead the country into debt
- may not actually serve the community in the way it needs
- very expensive
what were some bottom-up strategies to help with the malaria crisis in Malawi? what were the advantages of it?
- local school education programmes on how it’s transmitted, how to avoid being bitten etc.
- it has little cost and is already in place in many schools
what were some top-down strategies to deal with malaria in Malawi? what are some advantages/disadvantages of it?
- UN driven vaccination scheme
- give everyone in the vulnerable area a malaria vaccine : prevent them catching it
- would be costly and the logistics would be difficult
what were some bottom-up strategies to deal with HIV/AIDS?
- educating local people about the dangers of HIV
- in schools
what were some top-down approaches to tackling HIV/AIDS?
- ABC- government scheme
- distribution of anti-retroviral drugs
