Theme 2: Rural-Urban Links Flashcards
how is population change measured?
population change is the difference between birth and death rate.
the population trends in recent history in the uk
UK population increased slowly until around 1800.
An increase in life expectancy, improved food supplies and clean water led to rapid population growth during the 1800s.
Falling birth rates, due to changing social attitudes and the emancipation of women, led to a slowing of population growth in the 1900s.
Since the 1950s, access to contraception and modern medicines have helped keep birth rates and death rates low and as a result population growth has been low.
why are birth rates low in the uk?
- women are marrying later and delaying starting a family due to career building
- the high cost of living makes bringing up children expensive
- couples may prefer to spend money on things such as holidays and cars
- birth control and the contraceptive pill are easily available
why are death rates slow in the uk?
- health care is modern and widely available, provided free by the NHS
- people have less physically-demanding jobs
modern medicines treat many diseases - people are better educated about health and hygiene
- higher incomes enable people to eat a healthy diet and have good living conditions
what are population pyramids?
they measure the size and age of a population.
population in wales in 2011
In 2011, a national census was taken which showed that the population in Wales was 3.06 million. This was the largest the population had ever been.
There were 1.50 million males and 1.56 million females in Wales.
what percent of pop increase was migration responsible for between 2001 and 2011
90%
define rural
an area of countryside chartacterised by wide open spaces
define urban
a built-up environment where lots of people live
define population density
the avg number of people per km2
usually expressed as densely/sparsely populated
define rural-urban continuum
a continuum along which all settlements are placed.
eg. hamlet-> town-> city
which services is a small village likely to provide?
post office small shop pub bus stop church
which services is a city likely to provide?
shopping centres with many chain stores
entertainment centres like cinemas/theatres
variety of restaurants
range of medical facilities incl. a hospital
define sphere of influence
a region within which an urban area provides an important economic and social influence
define sphere of influence
a region within which an urban area provides an important economic and social influence
what things can contribute to an urban sphere of influence’s strength?
infrastructure and transport links
distance from urban to rural settlements
size of the urban area
i couldnt find our case study of urban spheres of influence we had done :( here’s lvpl and glyn ceiriog. name some facts about them
lvpl- big city
glyn ceiriog- small village
there are few services in glyn ceiriog (pharmacy, GP’s surgery, 2 places of worship, hotel + pub)
they may depend on lvpl for healthcare, shopping and maybe
define counter-urbanisation
the movement of people out of towns and cities to rural areas
how can housing cause counter-urbanisation?
type and style of housing people want is more available and affordable in rural areas
how can family status result in counter-urbanisation?
with increased income/ family size, people may look for larger properties in rural locations
how can transport result in counter-urbanisation?
improved road and rail links/increase in car ownership makes it easier for people to live in a rural location and travel to work
how can employment result in counter-urbanisation?
decline of industry located in central urban areas
increase of industry in the rural-urban fringe improves access from rural locations
what social factors can result in counter-urbanisation?
low crime rate and good schools are pull factors for the rural areas
what environmental factors could result in counter-urbanisation?
increased noise and air pollution in cities cause people to look for cleaner places to live
is the uk experienceing counter-urbanisation or urbanisation?
counter-urbanisation
how does counter-urbanisation impact house prices in rural areas?
they’re increased due to higher demand
how does counter-urbanisation impact the prevalence of traditional services in rural areas?
decrease in traditional services as newcomers may shop elsewhere (maybe they’re commuters), increase in non-traditional services like a creche (a nursery for kids during the working day)
how does counter-urbanisation impact the amount of people in the village in the daytime?
fewer people
pollution in rural areas and children in rural schools? how does counter-urbanisation impact them?
increase
how does counter-urbanisation impact ‘villager identity’?
can cause a loss if villagers don’t work in the village
what is a commuter?
someone who travels for work
why do people commute to cities like london or cardiff?
more jobs
would this factor lead to an increase or a decrease in commuting: cities have more job opportunities
increase
would this factor lead to an increase or a decrease in commuting: people choosing to live in rural housing which is often cheaper than urban housing
increase
would this factor lead to an increase or a decrease in commuting: growth of the internet and email removing the need to be in the same physical office as coworkers
decrease
would this factor lead to an increase or a decrease in commuting: increased coverage and quality of mobile phone network provides constant ability to connect
decrease
would this factor lead to an increase or a decrease in commuting: improvements in rail and road links cut journey times
increase
would this factor lead to an increase or a decrease in commuting: improvements in car safety and comfort encourages longer journeys
increase
would this factor lead to an increase or a decrease in commuting: rapid growth of broadband has led to many companies encouraging employees to work from home
decrease
what factors are there that lead to an increase in commuting?
- cities have more job opportunities
- people choosing to live in cheaper rural housing
- improvements to road and rail links
- improvements to car safety + comfort
what factors are there that lead to a decrease in commuting?
- growth of internet and email
- increased mobile networking coverage and quality
- growth of broadband
what issues arise due to counter-urbanisation and the commuting that sometimes results because of it?
- congestion and traffic
- increase in air and noise pollution
- congestion in the inner city can be dangerous to cyclists and pedestrians
- trains get so packed people have to stand
what city did we study in regards to commuting?
cardiff
how many people travel INTO cardiff every weekday?
78,000
how many people travel OUT OF cardiff every day?
33,900
what is the most popular destination and source of these commuters?
the vale of glamorgan
how have the government coped with this ( in terms of roads)?
they’ve improved the M4 and major roads into cardiff
what are primary jobs?
jobs that involve getting raw materials from the environment
what are tertiary jobs?
jobs that provide a service
eg. teaching, medical, retail
what’s a commuter belt?
the area around a town or city where people travel to work in the urban area
define depopulation
the reduction in population of an area
define deprivation
the lack of key features that are regarded as necessary for a reasonable standard of living
define cycle of deprivation
the cycle where a family in pverty is unable to improve its lifestyle due to the negative factors of low income, poor housing and education, which keeps it in a state of poverty
why are remote rural areas experiencing depopulation and deprivation?
too few rural jobs -> rural to urban migration -> declining rural population -> reduced demand for rural shops and services -> even fewer rural jobs
it’s cycle
define sustainable community
a community which is able to support the needs of its residents with minimal environmental impacts
what strategies are there to create a sustainable rural community?
(7)
- reliability and frequency of transport
- availability of jobs
- internt connections
- education
- healthcare
- village services
- green technologies
define natural population change
the change in population from births and deaths only
define migration
the movement of people from one place to another
define social factors
factors that relate to people’s health, lifestyle and community
is the UK population increasing or decreasing?
increasing overall, but some areas may be experiencing a decrease
social factors affecting population change in the UK… (4)
- healthcare: better and more accessible healthcare leads to higher life expectancy and fewer infant mortality rate
- marriage: people are getting married later
- culture: it is widely acceptable for people to delay starting a family
- ageing population: greater poportion of people living past child-bearing age reduces birth rate
economic factors affecting population change in the UK… (3)
- cost of raising a family: this has increased in the UK and discourages people from starting a family
- parental pay: longer period may encourage more births
- career: many women choose to pursue career before/ instead of starting a family
political factors leading to population change in the UK… (4)
- contraception: widely available
- parental rights: increased parental leave and pay
- migration: both in and out of the UK
- vaccination programmes: reduce death rate
define birth/death rate
the amount of births/deaths per 1000 people
reasons for moving into the UK (6)
- availability of jobs
- stable political system
- good health service
- better pay
- good education system
- already established network of family or people of similar culture
reasons for people moving within the UK (5)
- cost of housing
- change of lifestyle
- in search of work
- the need to live close to your place of work is becoming less important
- locate near family for care needs
impacts of migration (6)
- increase in workers/taxpayers
- increase in languages spoken
- increase in birth rate
- strain on schools/ increase in schools
- diversity of culture
- house prices in desirable areas could increase
define political factors
factors that relate to decisions made by a government (national or local)
define ageing population
a country which has a high proportion of people over 65
economic challenges of an ageing population (3)
- reduced number of economically active people (paying taxes)
- more money needed for state pensions
- more people dependent on the state
health challenges of an ageing population (2)
- increase in health issues as people live longer
- large increase in care services
social challenges of an ageing population (3)
- older people have a wealth of knowledge that will be lost if not passed on
- working age people care for their parents
- increase in older people living alone which may lead to feelings of isolation and decrease available housing
is there a housing crisis in the UK?
yes. especially in popular areas
impacts of a housing crisis…
- increase house prices
- increase in poverty and homelessness
what is the wheel used to identify the factors involved in a sustainable rural community?
egan’s wheel
define greenfield site
a site that has never been built on before
define brownfield site
a site that has been previously built on before and is now being repurposed for use
an example of a greenfield site
wheatley near oxford brookes
case study: wheatley near oxford brookes
details…
- oxford brookes moving their campus
- creating affordable 750 homes
disadvantages of the wheatley plan
- put pressure on schools and infrastructure as more people
- might impact the environment
advantages of the wheatley plan
- create affordable housing
- oxford doesnt have enough space for all the housing it needs
example of a brownfield site
cardiff bay
cardiff bay case study
details…
- most of the industry is closed down
- so now their repurposing it
- formed quite a touristy area
