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gcse wjec geography > - Dan's Flashcards > Flashcards

- Dan's Flashcards

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1
Q

How does volcanic activity affect climate change?

A
  • Blocks light from reaching surface/being absorbed by greenhouse gases
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2
Q

What is weather?

A

Daily conditions of the atmosphere

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3
Q

What is climate?

A

Average weather over 30 years

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4
Q

How does latitude impact climate?

A
  • 90’ North to 90’ South
  • Concentrated sunlight at Equator, hotter
  • Dispersed sunlight at poles, colder
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5
Q

How does altitude impact climate?

A
  • Rain shadow effect
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6
Q

How does the Gulf Stream impact climate?

A
  • Ocean current from Gulf of Mexico
  • Warms mainly SW UK
  • Mild Winters
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7
Q

Describe the climate of the UK.

A
  • Temperate
  • Seasonal
  • Maritime
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8
Q

What is a depression? What are the features?

A
  • Cyclonic weather
  • Storms, rainy, wet, cloudy, windy, changeable
  • Low pressure, anticlockwise winds
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9
Q

Depression Stage 1

A
  • Cirrus clouds (high)
  • Warm front
  • Cold air
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10
Q

Depression Stage 2

A
  • Low cloud
  • Rain
  • Cold air
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11
Q

Depression Stage 3

A
  • Stratus clouds (high)

- Warm air

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12
Q

Depression Stage 4

A
  • Cumulus clouds (thick, low)
  • Heavy rain
  • Cold air
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13
Q

Depression Stage 5

A
  • Some low cloud
  • Clear sky
  • Cold air
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14
Q

What is the evidence of climate change? (6)

A
  • Changing CO2 levels
  • Ice cores
  • Tree rings
  • Changing migratory patterns
  • Changing sea levels
  • Temperature records
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15
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A
  • Heat enters atmosphere from Sun
  • Some reflected back, some reaches surface of Earth
  • Short-wave radiation absorbed
  • Long-wave radiation reflected
  • Greenhouse gases absorb this + reflect it back
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16
Q

What is an anticyclone?

A
  • High pressure, clockwise winds
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17
Q

What does a summer anticyclone cause?

A
  • Dry
  • Settled
  • Hot
  • Clear skies
  • Calm
  • Possible thunderstorms
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18
Q

What does a winter anticyclone cause?

A
  • Foggy
  • Frosty
  • Cold
  • Calm
  • Settled
  • Clear skies
  • Dry
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19
Q

Summer Polar Maritime

A
  • Cool
  • Wet
  • Heavy showers
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20
Q

Winter Polar Maritime

A
  • Cold
  • Thunder
  • Hail
  • Showers
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21
Q

Summer Arctic

A
  • Cool
  • Wet
  • Heavy showers
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22
Q

Winter Arctic

A
  • Cold
  • Wet
  • Snow
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23
Q

Summer Polar Continental

A
  • Hot
  • Dry
  • Sunny
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24
Q

Winter Polar Continental

A
  • Very cold
  • Dry
  • Snow
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25
Q

Summer Tropical Continental

A
  • Hot
  • Dry
  • Sunny
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26
Q

Winter Tropical Continental

A
  • Warm
  • Dry
  • Sunny
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27
Q

Summer Tropical Maritime

A
  • Warm
  • Cloudy
  • Rain
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28
Q

Winter Tropical Maritime

A
  • Mild
  • Cloudy
  • Rain
29
Q

Advantages of Coastal Windfarms

A
  • Generates lots of energy
  • Offshore windspeeds quicker than onshore
  • Creates jobs (building+maintenance)
  • Don’t use water/emit gases
30
Q

Disadvantages of Coastal Windfarms

A
  • Difficult to build/maintain
  • Very expensive
  • Easily damaged by storms
31
Q

Impacts of Swansea Tidal Lagoon

A
  • Boost leisure + tourism
  • Disrupt fish migration
  • Sand dredging + silting issues
32
Q

Farming (Grazing + Fertilising) - Effects on Sand Dunes

A
  • Manure/fertiliser adds nutrients
  • Animals eat vegetation
  • Insecticides/pesticides kill species
  • More stable, more organic matter, succession slowed
33
Q

Drainage - Effects on Sand Dunes

A
  • Lowered water table, fewer slacks
  • Food limited in complexy
  • Water polluted
  • Succession limited, stabilisation improved
34
Q

Recreation (Walking + Golf) - Effects on Sand Dunes

A
  • Erosion of topsoil
  • Short grass for golf
  • Water used for maintaining greens
  • Lack of nutrients, little decomposition
35
Q

Dredging - Effects on Sand Dunes

A
  • Restricted supply of sand

- Limited succession, more likely stabilisation

36
Q

Name the 3 types of mobile dune.

A
  • Embryo
  • Fore
  • Yellow
37
Q

What is dredging?

A

When ships collect sand from the sea bed

38
Q

What are fixed dunes?

A
  • Grey dunes
  • Most stable
  • Most vegetation (in slacks), darker sand
  • Heath/Woodland begins after
39
Q

What is a core zone?

A
  • Protected area for biodiversity
40
Q

What is a buffer zone?

A
  • Around Core

- Mostly wild land/agroforestry

41
Q

What is a corridor zone?

A
  • Between zones

- Allows animal movement

42
Q

What is a multi-use zone?

A
  • For human use

- Building, logging etc.

43
Q

Lake Chad - Shrinking

A
  • Over-abstraction + overgrazing
  • Deforestation
  • Intensive farming (onions, tomatoes)
44
Q

Lake Chad - Impacts

A
  • Spread of disease
  • Salinisation (harmful minerals deposited)
  • Drying of wetlands
  • Fewer fish, declined income for fishermen
  • Poverty (+extremist support) increased
45
Q

Lake Chad - Transaqua Project

A
  • Transfer water from DRC (100bm3 per year)

- Create jobs + water security

46
Q

Great Green Wall - Effects

A
  • Reduce desertification/soil erosion
  • Increase biodiversity
  • Provides shade for crops
  • Agroforestry for locals, medicinal plants
  • Increased fodder/wood availability
47
Q

What is a tariff?

A

A tax on imports

48
Q

What is a trade bloc?

A

Trading partnerships between countries

49
Q

What is a quota?

A

Restrictions on number of imports

50
Q

What is a subsidy?

A

Payments to farmers to lower consumer prices

51
Q

Tourism - Impacts

A
  • Employment (unskilled, low-paid, long hours, seasonal)
  • Wealth gap increases
  • Sea gypsies (local people) displaced
  • Turtle (+ local species) harm
  • Workers separated from families, send money
  • Coral reefs destroyed by divers/boats
  • Pressure on services, more traffic/infrastructure
  • Temples removed/vandalised, crime rate increased
52
Q

NGO Projects - Oxfam

A
  • Secure gender equality in India
  • Promote rights of vulnerable girls to education
  • Improve awareness of HIV/AIDS
53
Q

NGO Projects - WaterAid

A
  • Provides access to water + sanitation
  • 240000 gained
  • Kalmandhai 100% sanitised slum
54
Q

NGO Projects - TrickleUp

A
  • Help women reach economic self-sufficiency
  • 66% of participants diversified income
  • 50% used profits to invest in housing
55
Q

Fair Trade

A
  • Stable payment to farmers
  • Investing in own business
  • Communities helped by profit-funded projects
  • Education (Pest-control training + Cocoa weighers/recorders)
56
Q

Regional Inequality - New Delhi

A
  • English-speaking, highly-skilled workforce

- Attracts MNC investment (Honda, Yamaha)

57
Q

Regional Inequality - Kolkata

A
  • Rapid economic growth since 2000

- IT and cars

58
Q

Regional Inequality - Mumbai

A
  • Film industry generates wealth

- Financial, chemical, food industry jobs

59
Q

Regional Inequality - Chennai

A
  • 30%of automotive industry in South
60
Q

Regional Inequality - Bangalore

A
  • Largest exporters of software (+ Chennai)
61
Q

Regional Inequality - Impacts

A
  • Brain Drain ( rural-urban migration)
  • Growth in homelessness/overcrowding
  • MNC investment
  • Rise of Naxism in West Bengal
  • Less developed areas
  • Disillusionment in youths
62
Q

Changing Birth Rates - Rising in Malawi

A
  • Culture of having many children
  • Lack of contraception/family planning
  • Child labour
63
Q

Changing Birth Rates - Falling in India

A
  • Children are expensive to raise
  • Women have careers, delaying marriage/children
  • Government birth control (sterilisation/planning)
  • Education
64
Q

Changing Death Rates - Rising in Malawi

A
  • Dirty water leads to cholera/diarrhoea
  • Droughts lead to less water/crop failure
  • HIV/AIDS/Malaria epidemics
  • Civil War, malnourishment, child labour
  • Poor healthcare, many people per doctor
65
Q

Changing Death Rates - Falling in India

A
  • Good healthcare, few people per doctor
  • Better education, lower infant mortality rates
  • Vaccinations + care for the elderly
  • People have enough to eat, less dangerous work
66
Q

Child Labour

A
  • Children in poverty work for extra money
  • Making carpets/clothing, recycling, vending, farming
  • School fees too expensive, education undervalued
  • Dangerous jobs -> rising death rate
  • ILO advises government on working policies
  • Improve education access + social security
67
Q

Girl’s Education

A
  • Survive longer, empowerment, awareness
  • Domestic role/marry early -> pointless
  • Poverty -> expensive school fees/child labour
68
Q

Girl’s Education - UNICEF

A
  • Changing attitudes, improving quality

- Creating transitional schools

69
Q

Girl’s Education - IKEA

A
  • Good brand image
  • Sweden has high level of equality
  • Want to help others

gcse wjec geography (5 decks)

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