- Dan's Flashcards
How does volcanic activity affect climate change?
- Blocks light from reaching surface/being absorbed by greenhouse gases
What is weather?
Daily conditions of the atmosphere
What is climate?
Average weather over 30 years
How does latitude impact climate?
- 90’ North to 90’ South
- Concentrated sunlight at Equator, hotter
- Dispersed sunlight at poles, colder
How does altitude impact climate?
- Rain shadow effect
How does the Gulf Stream impact climate?
- Ocean current from Gulf of Mexico
- Warms mainly SW UK
- Mild Winters
Describe the climate of the UK.
- Temperate
- Seasonal
- Maritime
What is a depression? What are the features?
- Cyclonic weather
- Storms, rainy, wet, cloudy, windy, changeable
- Low pressure, anticlockwise winds
Depression Stage 1
- Cirrus clouds (high)
- Warm front
- Cold air
Depression Stage 2
- Low cloud
- Rain
- Cold air
Depression Stage 3
- Stratus clouds (high)
- Warm air
Depression Stage 4
- Cumulus clouds (thick, low)
- Heavy rain
- Cold air
Depression Stage 5
- Some low cloud
- Clear sky
- Cold air
What is the evidence of climate change? (6)
- Changing CO2 levels
- Ice cores
- Tree rings
- Changing migratory patterns
- Changing sea levels
- Temperature records
What is the greenhouse effect?
- Heat enters atmosphere from Sun
- Some reflected back, some reaches surface of Earth
- Short-wave radiation absorbed
- Long-wave radiation reflected
- Greenhouse gases absorb this + reflect it back
What is an anticyclone?
- High pressure, clockwise winds
What does a summer anticyclone cause?
- Dry
- Settled
- Hot
- Clear skies
- Calm
- Possible thunderstorms
What does a winter anticyclone cause?
- Foggy
- Frosty
- Cold
- Calm
- Settled
- Clear skies
- Dry
Summer Polar Maritime
- Cool
- Wet
- Heavy showers
Winter Polar Maritime
- Cold
- Thunder
- Hail
- Showers
Summer Arctic
- Cool
- Wet
- Heavy showers
Winter Arctic
- Cold
- Wet
- Snow
Summer Polar Continental
- Hot
- Dry
- Sunny
Winter Polar Continental
- Very cold
- Dry
- Snow
Summer Tropical Continental
- Hot
- Dry
- Sunny
Winter Tropical Continental
- Warm
- Dry
- Sunny
Summer Tropical Maritime
- Warm
- Cloudy
- Rain
Winter Tropical Maritime
- Mild
- Cloudy
- Rain
Advantages of Coastal Windfarms
- Generates lots of energy
- Offshore windspeeds quicker than onshore
- Creates jobs (building+maintenance)
- Don’t use water/emit gases
Disadvantages of Coastal Windfarms
- Difficult to build/maintain
- Very expensive
- Easily damaged by storms
Impacts of Swansea Tidal Lagoon
- Boost leisure + tourism
- Disrupt fish migration
- Sand dredging + silting issues
Farming (Grazing + Fertilising) - Effects on Sand Dunes
- Manure/fertiliser adds nutrients
- Animals eat vegetation
- Insecticides/pesticides kill species
- More stable, more organic matter, succession slowed
Drainage - Effects on Sand Dunes
- Lowered water table, fewer slacks
- Food limited in complexy
- Water polluted
- Succession limited, stabilisation improved
Recreation (Walking + Golf) - Effects on Sand Dunes
- Erosion of topsoil
- Short grass for golf
- Water used for maintaining greens
- Lack of nutrients, little decomposition
Dredging - Effects on Sand Dunes
- Restricted supply of sand
- Limited succession, more likely stabilisation
Name the 3 types of mobile dune.
- Embryo
- Fore
- Yellow
What is dredging?
When ships collect sand from the sea bed
What are fixed dunes?
- Grey dunes
- Most stable
- Most vegetation (in slacks), darker sand
- Heath/Woodland begins after
What is a core zone?
- Protected area for biodiversity
What is a buffer zone?
- Around Core
- Mostly wild land/agroforestry
What is a corridor zone?
- Between zones
- Allows animal movement
What is a multi-use zone?
- For human use
- Building, logging etc.
Lake Chad - Shrinking
- Over-abstraction + overgrazing
- Deforestation
- Intensive farming (onions, tomatoes)
Lake Chad - Impacts
- Spread of disease
- Salinisation (harmful minerals deposited)
- Drying of wetlands
- Fewer fish, declined income for fishermen
- Poverty (+extremist support) increased
Lake Chad - Transaqua Project
- Transfer water from DRC (100bm3 per year)
- Create jobs + water security
Great Green Wall - Effects
- Reduce desertification/soil erosion
- Increase biodiversity
- Provides shade for crops
- Agroforestry for locals, medicinal plants
- Increased fodder/wood availability
What is a tariff?
A tax on imports
What is a trade bloc?
Trading partnerships between countries
What is a quota?
Restrictions on number of imports
What is a subsidy?
Payments to farmers to lower consumer prices
Tourism - Impacts
- Employment (unskilled, low-paid, long hours, seasonal)
- Wealth gap increases
- Sea gypsies (local people) displaced
- Turtle (+ local species) harm
- Workers separated from families, send money
- Coral reefs destroyed by divers/boats
- Pressure on services, more traffic/infrastructure
- Temples removed/vandalised, crime rate increased
NGO Projects - Oxfam
- Secure gender equality in India
- Promote rights of vulnerable girls to education
- Improve awareness of HIV/AIDS
NGO Projects - WaterAid
- Provides access to water + sanitation
- 240000 gained
- Kalmandhai 100% sanitised slum
NGO Projects - TrickleUp
- Help women reach economic self-sufficiency
- 66% of participants diversified income
- 50% used profits to invest in housing
Fair Trade
- Stable payment to farmers
- Investing in own business
- Communities helped by profit-funded projects
- Education (Pest-control training + Cocoa weighers/recorders)
Regional Inequality - New Delhi
- English-speaking, highly-skilled workforce
- Attracts MNC investment (Honda, Yamaha)
Regional Inequality - Kolkata
- Rapid economic growth since 2000
- IT and cars
Regional Inequality - Mumbai
- Film industry generates wealth
- Financial, chemical, food industry jobs
Regional Inequality - Chennai
- 30%of automotive industry in South
Regional Inequality - Bangalore
- Largest exporters of software (+ Chennai)
Regional Inequality - Impacts
- Brain Drain ( rural-urban migration)
- Growth in homelessness/overcrowding
- MNC investment
- Rise of Naxism in West Bengal
- Less developed areas
- Disillusionment in youths
Changing Birth Rates - Rising in Malawi
- Culture of having many children
- Lack of contraception/family planning
- Child labour
Changing Birth Rates - Falling in India
- Children are expensive to raise
- Women have careers, delaying marriage/children
- Government birth control (sterilisation/planning)
- Education
Changing Death Rates - Rising in Malawi
- Dirty water leads to cholera/diarrhoea
- Droughts lead to less water/crop failure
- HIV/AIDS/Malaria epidemics
- Civil War, malnourishment, child labour
- Poor healthcare, many people per doctor
Changing Death Rates - Falling in India
- Good healthcare, few people per doctor
- Better education, lower infant mortality rates
- Vaccinations + care for the elderly
- People have enough to eat, less dangerous work
Child Labour
- Children in poverty work for extra money
- Making carpets/clothing, recycling, vending, farming
- School fees too expensive, education undervalued
- Dangerous jobs -> rising death rate
- ILO advises government on working policies
- Improve education access + social security
Girl’s Education
- Survive longer, empowerment, awareness
- Domestic role/marry early -> pointless
- Poverty -> expensive school fees/child labour
Girl’s Education - UNICEF
- Changing attitudes, improving quality
- Creating transitional schools
Girl’s Education - IKEA
- Good brand image
- Sweden has high level of equality
- Want to help others
