Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY 243 FINALS THEME 4-5 > THEME 5C > Flashcards

THEME 5C Flashcards

1
Q

WHEN DID MULTICELLULAR LIFE FIRST APPEAR?

A

2.1 BYA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

WHEN DID COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE FIRST APPEAR?

A

65O MYA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

FOSSILS PURPOSE

A

1) CALIBRATE PHYLOGENIES IN TERMS OF TIME
CORRECTING THE ESTIMATES OF MOLECULAR CLOCK

2) EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
3) PLACING EVOLUTIONARY EVENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF EARTH’S EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WHERE ARE FOSSILS PRESERVED?

A

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WHAT DOES FOSSILIZATION REQUIRE? WHY DOES IT REQUIRE IT?

A

BURIAL, SO THAT DEAD MATTER WILL NOT BE DECOMPOSED AND USED BY BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES, RESULTING IN NO FOSSIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

WHY ARE FOSSIL RECORDS INCOMPLETE?

A

ANIMALS THAT LACK HARD PARTS ARE NOT FOSSILIZED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HOW DO ORGANISMS THAT LACK HARD PARTS LEAVE FOSSIL RECORDS? ( HOW DO WE KNOW SOFT PART ORGANISMS EXIST? (2)

A

1) TRACE FOSSILS –> TRACKS AND TRAILS

2) MOLECULAR EVIDENCE –> CHOLESTEROL, LIPIDS CAN FORM ON SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

WHEN WAS BURGESS SHALE FORMED?

A

505 MYA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HOW WAS THE BURGESS SHALE FORMED?

A

OVER THE BASIN THERE IS LITTLE TO NO OXYGEN
THEN MUD SWEPT OVER THE BASIN
KILLED ANIMALS
THEY WERE BURIED, NOT DISTURBED AND NO DECAY OCCURRED –> WHICH FORMED FOSSILS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WHEN DID MESSEL SHALE FORM?

A

50 MYA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HOW DID THE MESSEL SHALE FORM?

A

TOXIC GASSES WERE RELEASED FROM THE MESSEL LAKE
KILLED ANIMALS AT THE MESSEL LAKE
CARCASES ACCUMULATED AT THE LAKE AND WERE FOSSILIZED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SIGNIFICANCE OF MESSEL SHALE?

A

PROVIDED A SNAPSHOT OF THE EMERGENCE OF MAMMALS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

WHEN DID THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF CRETACEOUS OCCUR? CAUSE?

A

65 MYA, METEORITE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

HOW MANY MASS EXTINCTION HAVE OCCURRED?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCE OF THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF CRETACEOUS PERIOD?

A

DECREASED DIVERSITY

PROLIFERATION OF ANIMALS WHO SURVIVED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

WHEN DID THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF THE PERMIAN OCCUR? CAUSE?

A

252MYA, MASSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HOW DID THE PERMIAN EXTINCTION OCCUR?

A

DURING THIS TIME, PANGEA

MORE THAN HALF OF THE OCEANS WERE COVERED BY WATER

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN OCEAN

MASSIVE EMISSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION –> KILLED AQUATIC ANIMALS

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION + GLOBAL WARMING –> DOOM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

4 WAYS TO KNOW HOW OLD A FOSSIL/ OR THE EARTH IS

A

RELATIVE POSITION

FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES

RADIOMETRIC DATING

PALEOMAGNETISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RADIOMETRIC DATING DISADVANTAGE

A

CAN ONLY USE FOR IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC

BECAUSE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE MADE OF DIFFERENT LAYERS AND THUS, YOU’LL GET THE AVERAGE OF THE AGES OF THESE LAYERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PURPOSE OF PALEOMAGNETISM

A

CORRECT AND REDUCE ERROR BARS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GASES ULREY-MILLER STARTED WITH. WHY THESE?

A

OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, METHANE GAS

HE THOUGHT THESE WERE PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE DURING EARLY EARTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

HOW DID ULREY-MILLER EXPERIMENT PROVE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MOLECULES?

A

PLACED GASES IN A SEALED FLASK

PLACED A SPARK THROUGH THE MIXTURE –> MIMICKING A LIGHTNING AND AS CATALYST

RESULT: AMINO ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CRITICISM FOR EXPERIMENT?

A

OCEAN ATMOSPHERE MIGHT NOT BE REDUCING. ALTHOUGH THIS CRITICISM WAS INVALIDATED, AS THERE ARE REDUCING ENVIRONMENTS IN OCEANS TODAY –> WHERE THERMOPHILES AND SULFUR VENTS ARE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

YOU BUILD MICRO, HOW DO YOU GET MACRO? (AS IN POLYMERS?)

A

THROUGH CLAY MINERALS, WHICH PROVIDED AS CATALYSTS

CLAY MINERALS PROVIDED A SURFACE THAT ENABLED THE MOLECULES TO BE CLOSE TOGETHER AND BIND TO ONE ANOTHER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

WHY WOULD ANYONE THINK RNA WAS THE FIRST INFORMATION STORAGE, NOT DNA?

A

RNA:

ENZYME AND INFORMATION STORAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

WHY DO WE USE DNA INSTEAD OF RNA?

A

BECAUSE DNA IS MORE STABLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

HOW DO WE DEFINE WHEN MASS EXTINCTION OCCURRED?

A

WHEN MORE THAN 75% OF DIVERSITY BECOMES EXTINCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

WHAT WERE THE 5 MASS EXTINCTIONS

A

ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN

LATE DEVONIAN

PERMIAN-TRIASSIC

TRIASSIC-JURASSIC

CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

EXTENSIVE FLOOD-BASALT VOLCANISM AFFECTED WHICH PERIODS?

A

PERMIAN-TRIASSIC

END OF TRIASSIC

CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

SEA LEVEL FALL CAUSE WHICH EXTINCTIONS?

A

ALL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

OCEAN ANOXIA CAUSED WHICH EXTINCTIONS?

A

ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN

LATE DEVONIAN

PERMIAN-TRIASSIC

TRIASSIC-JURASSIC

32
Q

ASTEROID IMPACT CAUSED WHICH EXTINCTIONS?

A

CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE

33
Q

2 FACTORS MASS EXTINCTIONS NEED?

A
  • A PRESS: LONG TERM PRESSURE SUCH AS OCEAN LEVEL FALL

- AND A PULSE: E.G. ASTEROID IMPACT

34
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 EONS?

A

HADEAN

ARCHEAN

PROTEROZOIC

PHANEROZOIC

35
Q

TIME PERIOD OF ARCHAEAN TO PROTEROZOIC

A

4 BYA TO 510 MYA

36
Q

STROMATOLITES

A

LAYER THAT RECORDS SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION BY MICROBACTERIAL COMMUNITIES

37
Q

WHEN DID EUKARYOTES FIRS APPEAR? HOW DO THEY KNOW?

A

2.1 BYA, BECAUSE OF PRESENCE OF STEROLS

38
Q

REQUIREMENTS FOR SPONTANEOUS FORMATION OF PHOSPHOBILIPID MEMBRANE?

A

pH HAS TO BE SIMILAR TO THE CELL

NEED ABUNDANCE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS

39
Q

ENZYMES ARE MADE UP OF (2) …

A

PROTEINS

METALLIC COFACTOR (E.G. METAL IONS)

40
Q

HOW DID ENZYMES PERFORM ELECTRON TRANSPORT WITHOUT OXYGEN?

A

USED SULFUR AND IRON AS ACCEPTORS

41
Q

EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOSIS (3)

A

1) ORGANELLES HAVE MEMBRANES
2) RIBOSOMES ARE SIMILAR TO PROKARYOTES
3) CHLOROPLAST AND MITOCHONDRION HAVE THEIR OWN DNA APART FROM nDNA

42
Q

WHY WOULD SOME BACTERIA RUN THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE IN REVERSE?

A

TO CREATE KEY BIOMOLECULES FROM INTERMEDIATES GENERATED AT EACH STEP

PYRUVATE FOR AMINO ACID AND SUGAR

OXALOACETATE FOR PYRIMIDINE BASES

43
Q

WHEN DID CYANOBACTERIA EVOLVE?

A

2.5 BYA

44
Q

WHAT DID CYANOBACTERIA ACCOMPLISH? (2)

A

LED TO THE INTRO OF O2 IN ATMOSPHERE

NEW POSSIBILITIES OF EXTRACTING ENERGY FROM FUEL MOLECULES

45
Q

3 REQUIRED MECHANISMS FOR COMPLEX ORGANISMS

A

CELL ADHESION

COMMUNICATION CELL-TO-CELL

GENETIC PROGRAM TO GUIDE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

46
Q

WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN COMPLEX MULTICELLULARITY

A

DIFFERENTIATION OF TISSUES AND ORGANS THAT TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES THROUGH LARGE AND COMPLEX BODIES

47
Q

WHAT ARE THESE SUBSTANCES? (4)

A

NUTRIENTS

OXYGEN

FLUIDS

SIGNALLING MOLECULES

48
Q

ADVANTAGE OF THIS TRANSPORT?

A

FREED ORGANISMS FROM TIGHT CONSTRAINT OF DIFFUSION

49
Q

WHAT DID THE FIRST COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE LOOK LIKE AROUND 575 MYA?

A

NO HEAD NO TAIL

NOT THINK BUT LARGE SURFACE AREA

50
Q

WHAT DID THE FIRST COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE LOOK LIKE AROUND 560-555 MYA?

A

HEAD AND TAIL

TRACKS VISIBLE

51
Q

WHAT DO THESE TRACKS INDICATE?

A

MUSCLES TO MOVE ARE ALREADY PRESENT

52
Q

WHY IS OXYGEN EFFICIENT? (2)

A

BETTER OXIDIZING POWER THAN SULFUR OR IRON

ABUNDANT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT COMPLEX LIFE FORMS

53
Q

WHEN DID OXYGEN START ACCUMULATING IN ATMOSPHERE?

A

2.4 BYA

54
Q

WHAT DOES OXYGEN AMOUNT DETERMINE?

A

DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE, ACTIVE AND DIVERSE ANIMALS

55
Q

FIRST OCCURRENCE OF LAND PLANTS

A

460 MYA

56
Q

WHEN DID THE GREAT OXYGENATION EVNT OCCUR?

A

650 MYA

57
Q

WHY THE DELAY?

A

OXYGEN REACTED WITH Fe IN OCEAN
BUT Fe BEGAN TO PRECIPITATE
RELEASED OXYGEN INTO THE ATMOSPHERE –> LOTS OF IT

58
Q

HOW OLD ARE THE EDIACARAN FOSSILS?

A

575 MYA

59
Q

EDIACARAN PERIOD

A

ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS CONTAIN OXYGEN ABUNDANT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT LIFE FORMS

60
Q

BILATERIAN ANIMALS

A

ANIMALS OF BILATERAL SYMMETRY

SYMMETRICAL ON BOTH SIDES OF MIDLINE

HAVE HEAD, TAIL, FRONT AND BACK

61
Q

CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION, WHEN?

A

FIRST 40 MY OF CAMBRIAN

62
Q

WHAT IS THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION?

A

ANIMALS STARTED TO LOOK LIKE THE ANIMALS OF TODAY BECAUSE DURING EDIACARAN PERIOD, THEY STILL DIDNT LOOK LIKE US

HIGH NUMBER OF SITES OF BURGESS SHALE

63
Q

WHEN WAS THE ORDOVICIAN PERIOD?

A

489 TO 444 MYA

64
Q

ORDOVICIAN RADIATION

A

RADIATION OF ANIMALS

ESTABLISHMENT OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM

65
Q

WHEN DID ARTHROPODS EVOLVE?

A

420 MYA

66
Q

ATHROPODS

A

INSECTS AND SNAILS

67
Q

WHEN DID THE FIRST TETRAPOD APPEAR?

A

360 MYA

68
Q

TETRAPOD

A

LIMB

HEAD

TRUNK

69
Q

WHEN DID DINOS FIRS EMERGE?

A

210 MYA

70
Q

WHEN DID DINOS GO EXTINCT?

A

65 MYA

71
Q

WHEN DID BIRDS DIVERGE FROM DINOS?

A

150 MYA

72
Q

METAZOANS

A

ALL ANIMALS COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR

73
Q

EARLY METAZOANS

A

CNIDARIANS, SPONGES, WORMS

SOFT-BODIED

74
Q

MASS EXTINCTIONS HOW LONG TO RECOVER?

A

10 MILLION YEARS

75
Q

PERIODICITY OF MASS EXTINCTIONS?

A

26 MILLION YEARS

76
Q

T/F PALEOMETRIC INFORMATION CAN PROVIDE A NUMERIC AGE

A

FALSE

77
Q

4 CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYGYNY

A

1) MALES ARE COLOURFUL
2) FEMALES HAVE HIGHER INVESTMENT IN OFFSPRING
3) MALES ARE TERRITORIAL. FEMALES CHOOSE BEST TERRITORY FOR OFFSPRING
4) FEMALES ARE CHOOSY

BIOLOGY 243 FINALS THEME 4-5 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions