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BIOLOGY 243 FINALS THEME 4-5 > THEME 5C > Flashcards

THEME 5C Flashcards

1
Q

WHEN DID MULTICELLULAR LIFE FIRST APPEAR?

A

2.1 BYA

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2
Q

WHEN DID COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE FIRST APPEAR?

A

65O MYA

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3
Q

FOSSILS PURPOSE

A

1) CALIBRATE PHYLOGENIES IN TERMS OF TIME
CORRECTING THE ESTIMATES OF MOLECULAR CLOCK

2) EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
3) PLACING EVOLUTIONARY EVENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF EARTH’S EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

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4
Q

WHERE ARE FOSSILS PRESERVED?

A

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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5
Q

WHAT DOES FOSSILIZATION REQUIRE? WHY DOES IT REQUIRE IT?

A

BURIAL, SO THAT DEAD MATTER WILL NOT BE DECOMPOSED AND USED BY BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES, RESULTING IN NO FOSSIL

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6
Q

WHY ARE FOSSIL RECORDS INCOMPLETE?

A

ANIMALS THAT LACK HARD PARTS ARE NOT FOSSILIZED

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7
Q

HOW DO ORGANISMS THAT LACK HARD PARTS LEAVE FOSSIL RECORDS? ( HOW DO WE KNOW SOFT PART ORGANISMS EXIST? (2)

A

1) TRACE FOSSILS –> TRACKS AND TRAILS

2) MOLECULAR EVIDENCE –> CHOLESTEROL, LIPIDS CAN FORM ON SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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8
Q

WHEN WAS BURGESS SHALE FORMED?

A

505 MYA

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9
Q

HOW WAS THE BURGESS SHALE FORMED?

A

OVER THE BASIN THERE IS LITTLE TO NO OXYGEN
THEN MUD SWEPT OVER THE BASIN
KILLED ANIMALS
THEY WERE BURIED, NOT DISTURBED AND NO DECAY OCCURRED –> WHICH FORMED FOSSILS

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10
Q

WHEN DID MESSEL SHALE FORM?

A

50 MYA

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11
Q

HOW DID THE MESSEL SHALE FORM?

A

TOXIC GASSES WERE RELEASED FROM THE MESSEL LAKE
KILLED ANIMALS AT THE MESSEL LAKE
CARCASES ACCUMULATED AT THE LAKE AND WERE FOSSILIZED

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12
Q

SIGNIFICANCE OF MESSEL SHALE?

A

PROVIDED A SNAPSHOT OF THE EMERGENCE OF MAMMALS

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13
Q

WHEN DID THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF CRETACEOUS OCCUR? CAUSE?

A

65 MYA, METEORITE

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14
Q

HOW MANY MASS EXTINCTION HAVE OCCURRED?

A

5

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15
Q

IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCE OF THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF CRETACEOUS PERIOD?

A

DECREASED DIVERSITY

PROLIFERATION OF ANIMALS WHO SURVIVED

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16
Q

WHEN DID THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF THE PERMIAN OCCUR? CAUSE?

A

252MYA, MASSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

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17
Q

HOW DID THE PERMIAN EXTINCTION OCCUR?

A

DURING THIS TIME, PANGEA

MORE THAN HALF OF THE OCEANS WERE COVERED BY WATER

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN OCEAN

MASSIVE EMISSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION –> KILLED AQUATIC ANIMALS

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION + GLOBAL WARMING –> DOOM

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18
Q

4 WAYS TO KNOW HOW OLD A FOSSIL/ OR THE EARTH IS

A

RELATIVE POSITION

FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES

RADIOMETRIC DATING

PALEOMAGNETISM

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19
Q

RADIOMETRIC DATING DISADVANTAGE

A

CAN ONLY USE FOR IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC

BECAUSE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE MADE OF DIFFERENT LAYERS AND THUS, YOU’LL GET THE AVERAGE OF THE AGES OF THESE LAYERS

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20
Q

PURPOSE OF PALEOMAGNETISM

A

CORRECT AND REDUCE ERROR BARS

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21
Q

GASES ULREY-MILLER STARTED WITH. WHY THESE?

A

OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, METHANE GAS

HE THOUGHT THESE WERE PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE DURING EARLY EARTH

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22
Q

HOW DID ULREY-MILLER EXPERIMENT PROVE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MOLECULES?

A

PLACED GASES IN A SEALED FLASK

PLACED A SPARK THROUGH THE MIXTURE –> MIMICKING A LIGHTNING AND AS CATALYST

RESULT: AMINO ACIDS

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23
Q

CRITICISM FOR EXPERIMENT?

A

OCEAN ATMOSPHERE MIGHT NOT BE REDUCING. ALTHOUGH THIS CRITICISM WAS INVALIDATED, AS THERE ARE REDUCING ENVIRONMENTS IN OCEANS TODAY –> WHERE THERMOPHILES AND SULFUR VENTS ARE.

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24
Q

YOU BUILD MICRO, HOW DO YOU GET MACRO? (AS IN POLYMERS?)

A

THROUGH CLAY MINERALS, WHICH PROVIDED AS CATALYSTS

CLAY MINERALS PROVIDED A SURFACE THAT ENABLED THE MOLECULES TO BE CLOSE TOGETHER AND BIND TO ONE ANOTHER

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25
WHY WOULD ANYONE THINK RNA WAS THE FIRST INFORMATION STORAGE, NOT DNA?
RNA: | ENZYME AND INFORMATION STORAGE
26
WHY DO WE USE DNA INSTEAD OF RNA?
BECAUSE DNA IS MORE STABLE
27
HOW DO WE DEFINE WHEN MASS EXTINCTION OCCURRED?
WHEN MORE THAN 75% OF DIVERSITY BECOMES EXTINCT
28
WHAT WERE THE 5 MASS EXTINCTIONS
ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN LATE DEVONIAN PERMIAN-TRIASSIC TRIASSIC-JURASSIC CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE
29
EXTENSIVE FLOOD-BASALT VOLCANISM AFFECTED WHICH PERIODS?
PERMIAN-TRIASSIC END OF TRIASSIC CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE
30
SEA LEVEL FALL CAUSE WHICH EXTINCTIONS?
ALL
31
OCEAN ANOXIA CAUSED WHICH EXTINCTIONS?
ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN LATE DEVONIAN PERMIAN-TRIASSIC TRIASSIC-JURASSIC
32
ASTEROID IMPACT CAUSED WHICH EXTINCTIONS?
CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE
33
2 FACTORS MASS EXTINCTIONS NEED?
- A PRESS: LONG TERM PRESSURE SUCH AS OCEAN LEVEL FALL | - AND A PULSE: E.G. ASTEROID IMPACT
34
WHAT ARE THE 4 EONS?
HADEAN ARCHEAN PROTEROZOIC PHANEROZOIC
35
TIME PERIOD OF ARCHAEAN TO PROTEROZOIC
4 BYA TO 510 MYA
36
STROMATOLITES
LAYER THAT RECORDS SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION BY MICROBACTERIAL COMMUNITIES
37
WHEN DID EUKARYOTES FIRS APPEAR? HOW DO THEY KNOW?
2.1 BYA, BECAUSE OF PRESENCE OF STEROLS
38
REQUIREMENTS FOR SPONTANEOUS FORMATION OF PHOSPHOBILIPID MEMBRANE?
pH HAS TO BE SIMILAR TO THE CELL NEED ABUNDANCE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
39
ENZYMES ARE MADE UP OF (2) ...
PROTEINS METALLIC COFACTOR (E.G. METAL IONS)
40
HOW DID ENZYMES PERFORM ELECTRON TRANSPORT WITHOUT OXYGEN?
USED SULFUR AND IRON AS ACCEPTORS
41
EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOSIS (3)
1) ORGANELLES HAVE MEMBRANES 2) RIBOSOMES ARE SIMILAR TO PROKARYOTES 3) CHLOROPLAST AND MITOCHONDRION HAVE THEIR OWN DNA APART FROM nDNA
42
WHY WOULD SOME BACTERIA RUN THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE IN REVERSE?
TO CREATE KEY BIOMOLECULES FROM INTERMEDIATES GENERATED AT EACH STEP PYRUVATE FOR AMINO ACID AND SUGAR OXALOACETATE FOR PYRIMIDINE BASES
43
WHEN DID CYANOBACTERIA EVOLVE?
2.5 BYA
44
WHAT DID CYANOBACTERIA ACCOMPLISH? (2)
LED TO THE INTRO OF O2 IN ATMOSPHERE NEW POSSIBILITIES OF EXTRACTING ENERGY FROM FUEL MOLECULES
45
3 REQUIRED MECHANISMS FOR COMPLEX ORGANISMS
CELL ADHESION COMMUNICATION CELL-TO-CELL GENETIC PROGRAM TO GUIDE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
46
WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN COMPLEX MULTICELLULARITY
DIFFERENTIATION OF TISSUES AND ORGANS THAT TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES THROUGH LARGE AND COMPLEX BODIES
47
WHAT ARE THESE SUBSTANCES? (4)
NUTRIENTS OXYGEN FLUIDS SIGNALLING MOLECULES
48
ADVANTAGE OF THIS TRANSPORT?
FREED ORGANISMS FROM TIGHT CONSTRAINT OF DIFFUSION
49
WHAT DID THE FIRST COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE LOOK LIKE AROUND 575 MYA?
NO HEAD NO TAIL NOT THINK BUT LARGE SURFACE AREA
50
WHAT DID THE FIRST COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE LOOK LIKE AROUND 560-555 MYA?
HEAD AND TAIL TRACKS VISIBLE
51
WHAT DO THESE TRACKS INDICATE?
MUSCLES TO MOVE ARE ALREADY PRESENT
52
WHY IS OXYGEN EFFICIENT? (2)
BETTER OXIDIZING POWER THAN SULFUR OR IRON ABUNDANT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT COMPLEX LIFE FORMS
53
WHEN DID OXYGEN START ACCUMULATING IN ATMOSPHERE?
2.4 BYA
54
WHAT DOES OXYGEN AMOUNT DETERMINE?
DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE, ACTIVE AND DIVERSE ANIMALS
55
FIRST OCCURRENCE OF LAND PLANTS
460 MYA
56
WHEN DID THE GREAT OXYGENATION EVNT OCCUR?
650 MYA
57
WHY THE DELAY?
OXYGEN REACTED WITH Fe IN OCEAN BUT Fe BEGAN TO PRECIPITATE RELEASED OXYGEN INTO THE ATMOSPHERE --> LOTS OF IT
58
HOW OLD ARE THE EDIACARAN FOSSILS?
575 MYA
59
EDIACARAN PERIOD
ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS CONTAIN OXYGEN ABUNDANT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT LIFE FORMS
60
BILATERIAN ANIMALS
ANIMALS OF BILATERAL SYMMETRY SYMMETRICAL ON BOTH SIDES OF MIDLINE HAVE HEAD, TAIL, FRONT AND BACK
61
CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION, WHEN?
FIRST 40 MY OF CAMBRIAN
62
WHAT IS THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION?
ANIMALS STARTED TO LOOK LIKE THE ANIMALS OF TODAY BECAUSE DURING EDIACARAN PERIOD, THEY STILL DIDNT LOOK LIKE US HIGH NUMBER OF SITES OF BURGESS SHALE
63
WHEN WAS THE ORDOVICIAN PERIOD?
489 TO 444 MYA
64
ORDOVICIAN RADIATION
RADIATION OF ANIMALS ESTABLISHMENT OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM
65
WHEN DID ARTHROPODS EVOLVE?
420 MYA
66
ATHROPODS
INSECTS AND SNAILS
67
WHEN DID THE FIRST TETRAPOD APPEAR?
360 MYA
68
TETRAPOD
LIMB HEAD TRUNK
69
WHEN DID DINOS FIRS EMERGE?
210 MYA
70
WHEN DID DINOS GO EXTINCT?
65 MYA
71
WHEN DID BIRDS DIVERGE FROM DINOS?
150 MYA
72
METAZOANS
ALL ANIMALS COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR
73
EARLY METAZOANS
CNIDARIANS, SPONGES, WORMS SOFT-BODIED
74
MASS EXTINCTIONS HOW LONG TO RECOVER?
10 MILLION YEARS
75
PERIODICITY OF MASS EXTINCTIONS?
26 MILLION YEARS
76
T/F PALEOMETRIC INFORMATION CAN PROVIDE A NUMERIC AGE
FALSE
77
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYGYNY
1) MALES ARE COLOURFUL 2) FEMALES HAVE HIGHER INVESTMENT IN OFFSPRING 3) MALES ARE TERRITORIAL. FEMALES CHOOSE BEST TERRITORY FOR OFFSPRING 4) FEMALES ARE CHOOSY

BIOLOGY 243 FINALS THEME 4-5 (5 decks)

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