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BIOLOGY 243 FINALS THEME 4-5 > THEME 5C > Flashcards

THEME 5C Flashcards

1
Q

WHEN DID MULTICELLULAR LIFE FIRST APPEAR?

A

2.1 BYA

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2
Q

WHEN DID COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE FIRST APPEAR?

A

65O MYA

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3
Q

FOSSILS PURPOSE

A

1) CALIBRATE PHYLOGENIES IN TERMS OF TIME
CORRECTING THE ESTIMATES OF MOLECULAR CLOCK

2) EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
3) PLACING EVOLUTIONARY EVENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF EARTH’S EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

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4
Q

WHERE ARE FOSSILS PRESERVED?

A

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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5
Q

WHAT DOES FOSSILIZATION REQUIRE? WHY DOES IT REQUIRE IT?

A

BURIAL, SO THAT DEAD MATTER WILL NOT BE DECOMPOSED AND USED BY BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES, RESULTING IN NO FOSSIL

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6
Q

WHY ARE FOSSIL RECORDS INCOMPLETE?

A

ANIMALS THAT LACK HARD PARTS ARE NOT FOSSILIZED

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7
Q

HOW DO ORGANISMS THAT LACK HARD PARTS LEAVE FOSSIL RECORDS? ( HOW DO WE KNOW SOFT PART ORGANISMS EXIST? (2)

A

1) TRACE FOSSILS –> TRACKS AND TRAILS

2) MOLECULAR EVIDENCE –> CHOLESTEROL, LIPIDS CAN FORM ON SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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8
Q

WHEN WAS BURGESS SHALE FORMED?

A

505 MYA

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9
Q

HOW WAS THE BURGESS SHALE FORMED?

A

OVER THE BASIN THERE IS LITTLE TO NO OXYGEN
THEN MUD SWEPT OVER THE BASIN
KILLED ANIMALS
THEY WERE BURIED, NOT DISTURBED AND NO DECAY OCCURRED –> WHICH FORMED FOSSILS

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10
Q

WHEN DID MESSEL SHALE FORM?

A

50 MYA

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11
Q

HOW DID THE MESSEL SHALE FORM?

A

TOXIC GASSES WERE RELEASED FROM THE MESSEL LAKE
KILLED ANIMALS AT THE MESSEL LAKE
CARCASES ACCUMULATED AT THE LAKE AND WERE FOSSILIZED

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12
Q

SIGNIFICANCE OF MESSEL SHALE?

A

PROVIDED A SNAPSHOT OF THE EMERGENCE OF MAMMALS

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13
Q

WHEN DID THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF CRETACEOUS OCCUR? CAUSE?

A

65 MYA, METEORITE

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14
Q

HOW MANY MASS EXTINCTION HAVE OCCURRED?

A

5

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15
Q

IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCE OF THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF CRETACEOUS PERIOD?

A

DECREASED DIVERSITY

PROLIFERATION OF ANIMALS WHO SURVIVED

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16
Q

WHEN DID THE MASS EXTINCTION AT THE END OF THE PERMIAN OCCUR? CAUSE?

A

252MYA, MASSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

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17
Q

HOW DID THE PERMIAN EXTINCTION OCCUR?

A

DURING THIS TIME, PANGEA

MORE THAN HALF OF THE OCEANS WERE COVERED BY WATER

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN OCEAN

MASSIVE EMISSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION –> KILLED AQUATIC ANIMALS

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION + GLOBAL WARMING –> DOOM

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18
Q

4 WAYS TO KNOW HOW OLD A FOSSIL/ OR THE EARTH IS

A

RELATIVE POSITION

FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES

RADIOMETRIC DATING

PALEOMAGNETISM

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19
Q

RADIOMETRIC DATING DISADVANTAGE

A

CAN ONLY USE FOR IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC

BECAUSE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE MADE OF DIFFERENT LAYERS AND THUS, YOU’LL GET THE AVERAGE OF THE AGES OF THESE LAYERS

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20
Q

PURPOSE OF PALEOMAGNETISM

A

CORRECT AND REDUCE ERROR BARS

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21
Q

GASES ULREY-MILLER STARTED WITH. WHY THESE?

A

OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, METHANE GAS

HE THOUGHT THESE WERE PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE DURING EARLY EARTH

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22
Q

HOW DID ULREY-MILLER EXPERIMENT PROVE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MOLECULES?

A

PLACED GASES IN A SEALED FLASK

PLACED A SPARK THROUGH THE MIXTURE –> MIMICKING A LIGHTNING AND AS CATALYST

RESULT: AMINO ACIDS

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23
Q

CRITICISM FOR EXPERIMENT?

A

OCEAN ATMOSPHERE MIGHT NOT BE REDUCING. ALTHOUGH THIS CRITICISM WAS INVALIDATED, AS THERE ARE REDUCING ENVIRONMENTS IN OCEANS TODAY –> WHERE THERMOPHILES AND SULFUR VENTS ARE.

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24
Q

YOU BUILD MICRO, HOW DO YOU GET MACRO? (AS IN POLYMERS?)

A

THROUGH CLAY MINERALS, WHICH PROVIDED AS CATALYSTS

CLAY MINERALS PROVIDED A SURFACE THAT ENABLED THE MOLECULES TO BE CLOSE TOGETHER AND BIND TO ONE ANOTHER

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25
Q

WHY WOULD ANYONE THINK RNA WAS THE FIRST INFORMATION STORAGE, NOT DNA?

A

RNA:

ENZYME AND INFORMATION STORAGE

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26
Q

WHY DO WE USE DNA INSTEAD OF RNA?

A

BECAUSE DNA IS MORE STABLE

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27
Q

HOW DO WE DEFINE WHEN MASS EXTINCTION OCCURRED?

A

WHEN MORE THAN 75% OF DIVERSITY BECOMES EXTINCT

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28
Q

WHAT WERE THE 5 MASS EXTINCTIONS

A

ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN

LATE DEVONIAN

PERMIAN-TRIASSIC

TRIASSIC-JURASSIC

CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE

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29
Q

EXTENSIVE FLOOD-BASALT VOLCANISM AFFECTED WHICH PERIODS?

A

PERMIAN-TRIASSIC

END OF TRIASSIC

CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE

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30
Q

SEA LEVEL FALL CAUSE WHICH EXTINCTIONS?

A

ALL

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31
Q

OCEAN ANOXIA CAUSED WHICH EXTINCTIONS?

A

ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN

LATE DEVONIAN

PERMIAN-TRIASSIC

TRIASSIC-JURASSIC

32
Q

ASTEROID IMPACT CAUSED WHICH EXTINCTIONS?

A

CRETACEOUS-PALEOGENE

33
Q

2 FACTORS MASS EXTINCTIONS NEED?

A
  • A PRESS: LONG TERM PRESSURE SUCH AS OCEAN LEVEL FALL

- AND A PULSE: E.G. ASTEROID IMPACT

34
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 EONS?

A

HADEAN

ARCHEAN

PROTEROZOIC

PHANEROZOIC

35
Q

TIME PERIOD OF ARCHAEAN TO PROTEROZOIC

A

4 BYA TO 510 MYA

36
Q

STROMATOLITES

A

LAYER THAT RECORDS SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION BY MICROBACTERIAL COMMUNITIES

37
Q

WHEN DID EUKARYOTES FIRS APPEAR? HOW DO THEY KNOW?

A

2.1 BYA, BECAUSE OF PRESENCE OF STEROLS

38
Q

REQUIREMENTS FOR SPONTANEOUS FORMATION OF PHOSPHOBILIPID MEMBRANE?

A

pH HAS TO BE SIMILAR TO THE CELL

NEED ABUNDANCE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS

39
Q

ENZYMES ARE MADE UP OF (2) …

A

PROTEINS

METALLIC COFACTOR (E.G. METAL IONS)

40
Q

HOW DID ENZYMES PERFORM ELECTRON TRANSPORT WITHOUT OXYGEN?

A

USED SULFUR AND IRON AS ACCEPTORS

41
Q

EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOSIS (3)

A

1) ORGANELLES HAVE MEMBRANES
2) RIBOSOMES ARE SIMILAR TO PROKARYOTES
3) CHLOROPLAST AND MITOCHONDRION HAVE THEIR OWN DNA APART FROM nDNA

42
Q

WHY WOULD SOME BACTERIA RUN THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE IN REVERSE?

A

TO CREATE KEY BIOMOLECULES FROM INTERMEDIATES GENERATED AT EACH STEP

PYRUVATE FOR AMINO ACID AND SUGAR

OXALOACETATE FOR PYRIMIDINE BASES

43
Q

WHEN DID CYANOBACTERIA EVOLVE?

A

2.5 BYA

44
Q

WHAT DID CYANOBACTERIA ACCOMPLISH? (2)

A

LED TO THE INTRO OF O2 IN ATMOSPHERE

NEW POSSIBILITIES OF EXTRACTING ENERGY FROM FUEL MOLECULES

45
Q

3 REQUIRED MECHANISMS FOR COMPLEX ORGANISMS

A

CELL ADHESION

COMMUNICATION CELL-TO-CELL

GENETIC PROGRAM TO GUIDE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

46
Q

WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN COMPLEX MULTICELLULARITY

A

DIFFERENTIATION OF TISSUES AND ORGANS THAT TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES THROUGH LARGE AND COMPLEX BODIES

47
Q

WHAT ARE THESE SUBSTANCES? (4)

A

NUTRIENTS

OXYGEN

FLUIDS

SIGNALLING MOLECULES

48
Q

ADVANTAGE OF THIS TRANSPORT?

A

FREED ORGANISMS FROM TIGHT CONSTRAINT OF DIFFUSION

49
Q

WHAT DID THE FIRST COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE LOOK LIKE AROUND 575 MYA?

A

NO HEAD NO TAIL

NOT THINK BUT LARGE SURFACE AREA

50
Q

WHAT DID THE FIRST COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR LIFE LOOK LIKE AROUND 560-555 MYA?

A

HEAD AND TAIL

TRACKS VISIBLE

51
Q

WHAT DO THESE TRACKS INDICATE?

A

MUSCLES TO MOVE ARE ALREADY PRESENT

52
Q

WHY IS OXYGEN EFFICIENT? (2)

A

BETTER OXIDIZING POWER THAN SULFUR OR IRON

ABUNDANT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT COMPLEX LIFE FORMS

53
Q

WHEN DID OXYGEN START ACCUMULATING IN ATMOSPHERE?

A

2.4 BYA

54
Q

WHAT DOES OXYGEN AMOUNT DETERMINE?

A

DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE, ACTIVE AND DIVERSE ANIMALS

55
Q

FIRST OCCURRENCE OF LAND PLANTS

A

460 MYA

56
Q

WHEN DID THE GREAT OXYGENATION EVNT OCCUR?

A

650 MYA

57
Q

WHY THE DELAY?

A

OXYGEN REACTED WITH Fe IN OCEAN
BUT Fe BEGAN TO PRECIPITATE
RELEASED OXYGEN INTO THE ATMOSPHERE –> LOTS OF IT

58
Q

HOW OLD ARE THE EDIACARAN FOSSILS?

A

575 MYA

59
Q

EDIACARAN PERIOD

A

ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS CONTAIN OXYGEN ABUNDANT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT LIFE FORMS

60
Q

BILATERIAN ANIMALS

A

ANIMALS OF BILATERAL SYMMETRY

SYMMETRICAL ON BOTH SIDES OF MIDLINE

HAVE HEAD, TAIL, FRONT AND BACK

61
Q

CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION, WHEN?

A

FIRST 40 MY OF CAMBRIAN

62
Q

WHAT IS THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION?

A

ANIMALS STARTED TO LOOK LIKE THE ANIMALS OF TODAY BECAUSE DURING EDIACARAN PERIOD, THEY STILL DIDNT LOOK LIKE US

HIGH NUMBER OF SITES OF BURGESS SHALE

63
Q

WHEN WAS THE ORDOVICIAN PERIOD?

A

489 TO 444 MYA

64
Q

ORDOVICIAN RADIATION

A

RADIATION OF ANIMALS

ESTABLISHMENT OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM

65
Q

WHEN DID ARTHROPODS EVOLVE?

A

420 MYA

66
Q

ATHROPODS

A

INSECTS AND SNAILS

67
Q

WHEN DID THE FIRST TETRAPOD APPEAR?

A

360 MYA

68
Q

TETRAPOD

A

LIMB

HEAD

TRUNK

69
Q

WHEN DID DINOS FIRS EMERGE?

A

210 MYA

70
Q

WHEN DID DINOS GO EXTINCT?

A

65 MYA

71
Q

WHEN DID BIRDS DIVERGE FROM DINOS?

A

150 MYA

72
Q

METAZOANS

A

ALL ANIMALS COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR

73
Q

EARLY METAZOANS

A

CNIDARIANS, SPONGES, WORMS

SOFT-BODIED

74
Q

MASS EXTINCTIONS HOW LONG TO RECOVER?

A

10 MILLION YEARS

75
Q

PERIODICITY OF MASS EXTINCTIONS?

A

26 MILLION YEARS

76
Q

T/F PALEOMETRIC INFORMATION CAN PROVIDE A NUMERIC AGE

A

FALSE

77
Q

4 CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYGYNY

A

1) MALES ARE COLOURFUL
2) FEMALES HAVE HIGHER INVESTMENT IN OFFSPRING
3) MALES ARE TERRITORIAL. FEMALES CHOOSE BEST TERRITORY FOR OFFSPRING
4) FEMALES ARE CHOOSY

BIOLOGY 243 FINALS THEME 4-5 (5 decks)

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