THEME 4A AND 4B Flashcards
ANTHER
MALE PARTS
STIGMA
FEMALE PART OF FLOWER
PRODUCT RULE
TWO INDEPENDENT EVENTS OCCURRING IN SUCCESSION
- heads = 1/2
- tails= 1/2 probability
2 heads: 1/2 x1/2 =1/4 probability you will achieve 2 heads in succession
SUM RULE
TWO DIFFERENT!!! EVENTS PRODUCING SAME OUT COME
HEADS THEN TAILS OR TAILS THEN HEADS
1/2 X1/2 OR 1/2 X1/2
=1/4X2
=1/2
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
OCCURS IN METAPHASE 1 MIEOSIS
LAW OF SEGREGATION
OCCURS IN ANAPHASE 1 MEIOSIS
HYPOMORPHS (LESS EFFICIENT)/AMORPHS(ABSENT)
LOSS OF FUNCTION MUTANT ALLELES
HYPERMORPHS
GAIN OF FUNCTION MUTANT ALLELES
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
INTERMEDIATE
CODOMINANCE
BOTH TRAITS EXPRESSED
EQUAL EFFECTD
EXHIBITS BOTH!!! HOMOZYGOTE PHENOTYPES
NORM OF REACTION
ANY GRAPH THAT DEPICTS HOW A RANGE OF ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS PHENOTYPE
POPULATION GENETICS
STUDY OF EVOLUTION OF DISCRETE TRAITS (TRAITS YOU CAN DIFFERENTIATE FROM ONE ANOTHER, EITHER THIS OR THAT)
QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
STUDY OF EVOLUTION OF CONTINUOUS TRAITS
HOW ARE MUTATIONS RANDOM
THEY OCCUR REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THEY ARE BENEFICIAL TO THE ORGANISM
HOW ARE MUTATIONS NOT!!! RANDOM
EACH TYPE OF MUTATION DOES NOT!!! OCCUR WITH EQUAL PROBABILITY
FIXED ALLELE
WHEN ONLY ONE POPULATION EXHIBITS ONE ALLELE
3 WAYS TO MEASURE GENOTYPE OR ALLELE FREQUENCIES
COUNTING OBSERVABLE TRAITS
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
DNA SEQUENCING
POLYMORPHISM
TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES EXIST IN THE SAME POPULATION OR SPECIES
DARWIN’S FOUR POSDTULATES
INDIVIDUALS WITHIN A SPECIES VARY
SOME VARIATION IS HERITABLE
MORE OFFSPRING ARE PRODUCED THAT WILL SURVIVE
SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION LINKED TO PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION WILL NOT OCCUR WHEN (3)
NO VARIATION
TRAIT NOT HERITABLE
VARIATION HERITABLE, BUT NOT LINKED TO SURVIVAL OR REPRODUCTION (NO FITNESS CONSEQUENCE)
EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS (4)
NATURAL SELECTION
SEXUAL SELECTION
GENETIC DRIFT
GENE FLOW
NULL HYPOTHESIS FOR EVOLUTION
NO CHANGE IN GENE FREQUENCIES OVER TIME
HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
5 CONDITIONS FOR HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
1) POPULATION MUST BE LARGE
2) NO MUTATION
3) NO GENE FLOW
4) NO SELECTION
5) RANDOM MATING
3 PREDICTIONS IF HWE IS IN EQUILIBRIUM:
1) ALLELE FREQUENCIES ARE CONSTANT
2) GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES ARE CONSTANT
3) THESE EQUILIBRIUM FREQUENCIES CAN BE REACHED IN ONE GENERATION OF RANDOM MATING
