THEME 5 MOD 4

Question 1

how much of our dna codes for functional proteins

Answer 1

2%

Question 2

cellular proteomes

Answer 2

• driven by different transcriptional programs that direct the cell to engage in certain functions
• expression of genes affected by genetic variation influence cell proteomes

Question 3

white and red blood cells and cell proteomes

Answer 3

• white blood cells migrate in blood and monitor for infection, inflammation and pathogens and elicit an appropriate response. membrane bound surface proteins can interact with epithelial cells to elicit some responses
• red blood cells interact with and carry oxygen to high energy tissues

Question 4

why does information in our genome coding for functional proteins require high fidelity of replication, transcription and translations

Answer 4

even small alterations can alter shape and functions of proteins

Question 5

example of asymptomatic genetic variation

Answer 5

ABO blood typing system in our bodies

believed 100 years ago that all humans had the same blood

discovered that there are different types of red blood cell surface proteins when non-same blood type transfusions were fatal

blood types differentiate by cell surface proteins and enzymes catalyzing cell surface carbohydrates of glycolipids

Question 6

ABO locus alleles

Answer 6

A,B,O
A and B alleles code for specific glycosyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of specific A or B cell surface agglutinogens

O allele codes for inactive glycosyltransferase

get one allele from each parent

AB blood type has several snp polymorphisms that leads to formation of slightly different transferases

Question 7

example of advantageous mutation

Answer 7

• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) invades T cells by interacting with two T cell surface proteins: CD4 receptor and CCR5 co- receptor, the host cell then engulfs the virus
• mutation in CCR5 gene causes immunity to HIV
• mutation is a 32 base pair deletion causing a frame shit and premature termination
• suspected the mutation arises from either natural selection during the bubonic plague or a selective pressure during small pox

Question 8

personal microbiomes

Answer 8

each individual has a unique microbiome that consists of up to 3 million genes
- our microbiomes house genetically diverse genomes our bodies can access to adapt to changes in environment
- gut microbiomes are different in different regions, with distinct different mixtures of bacteria, suggesting they evolve from recent dietary patterns
- may be able to respond rapidly to change in diets, environment, and pathogens