4.3/4 APPLIED LEC

Question 1

genomics and functional genomics

Answer 1

sequence, compare, interprets whole genomes

FG: when genes are expressed and how their products interact

Question 2

human genome project stats

Answer 2

took 13 years and 2.7 billion dollars US

completed by the international human genome sequencing consortium

Question 3

how are complete genomes sequenced?

Answer 3

whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach

Genome is broken up into sets of overlapping fragments that are sequenced

These sequences are then put in order

Question 4

discoveries that are changing biologists’ thinking about the human genome

Answer 4

1. Genes for microRNAs are more common than previously thought. miRNAs (microRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally.
2. Many sequences are Transcripts of Unknown Function (TUFs) because their role in the cell is unknown. scientists don’t know the function of a third of the genes within the genome

Significant insights have come from comparing the human genome to that of other species.

Question 5

chaperones, unclassified, transcription factors, phosphatases

their make up of the genome

Answer 5

chaperones: 130 genes, 0.8%
transcription factors: 2067, 12%
phosphatases: 230 1.3%
unclassified: 2061, 23.6%

Question 6

Why Do Humans Have So Few Genes?

Answer 6

Originally thought there would be hundreds of thousands of genes, revealed 21,000

The alternative-splicing hypothesis proposes that eukaryotes do not require large numbers of distinct genes.

Question 7

Comparison of Chimpanzee & Human genes

Answer 7

They are 98.8% similar
- Most protein-coding sequences are similar, the differences in the genome are found in the regulatory sequences.
- Differences in how the protein-coding genes are regulated may be responsible for the phenotypic differences seen in chimpanzees & humans.

Question 8

Dr. Tallulah Andrews

Answer 8

undergrad studies in Computational Biology/ Bioinformatics at mac

worked for wellcome sanger institute - has higher speed research (complete in 4 months vs 1 1/2 years)

research has focused upon on the analysis of single-cell RNASeq data

Question 9

understanding genomics and cancer

Answer 9

Human Genome Project has revealed common sets of genes that are mutated in cancerous cells. >120 distinct mutations may be involved

The complete genome sequences of cancerous & noncancerous cells from the same person identified over 600 mutations in the cancerous cells

Question 10

genome canada

Answer 10

regional, national, and international genome projects in Canada

Since 2000, it has overseen 127 projects & >$1.8 billion in grants

eg: how genetic makeup affects the response to pharmaceutical drugs