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biol 371 final > theme 4 plants > Flashcards

theme 4 plants Flashcards

1
Q

plants: components of nucleic acid

A

Nitrogen and Phosphours

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2
Q

plants: components of amino acid

A

nitrogen and sulfur

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3
Q

plants: function as enzyme cofactors

A

Ca2+

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4
Q

plants: role in photosynthesis

A

Mg+2 Fe2+ Fe+3

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5
Q

plants: regulation of osmotic potential

A

K+

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6
Q

how many essential elements for plants

A

17

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7
Q

macronutrients

A

essential in large quantities

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8
Q

macronutrients from air and water (not mineral)

A

C H O

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9
Q

Macronutrients from mineral nutrients through soil as dissolved ions in water

A

N P K S Ca Mg

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10
Q

Micronutrients

A

trace amounts but essential

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11
Q

examples of micronutrients imp

A

Cu2+ Cl- Ni2+ (nickle)

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12
Q

Nitrogen

A

abundant in air, most limiting to plant, it has to be converted to a usable form.
triple bond requires a specific enzyme.
nitrogen cycle provides soil nitrogen

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13
Q

Final:
nitrogen fixation incoperates

A

incorporates atmospheric N2 into plant-available compounds NH4+ with nitrogen fixing bacteria

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14
Q

Bacteria ammonification

A

breaks decaying organic N compounds into NH4+, plants take up NH4+ but prefer NO3- (key term)

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15
Q

bacterial nitrifcation

A

oxidizes NH4+ to NO3-

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16
Q

why do plants convert NO3- to NH4+

A

to assimilate N into organic compounds

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17
Q

explain nitrogen cycle fully

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria converts N2 to NH3 which dissolves to form ammonium NH4+ then undergoes nitrification by nitrifying bacteria to make NO3- nitrate and then NO3- converted to NH4 which is moved via xylem to the shoot system

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18
Q

legume root nodules are

A

symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, they fix atmospheric nitrogen, exclusively for legumes, legumes dont need more nitrogen

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19
Q

plants grew way taller and posed lodging problems during green revolution

A

.

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20
Q

lodging

A

occurs when the crop falls over and does not return to a standing position.

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21
Q

1 q on final: eutrophication

A

it is enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients such as compounds containing N and P, mainly talks about how the cycle of animals start dying in lakes/pods due to usage of chemical nutrients that dissolve in ground water and increase nutrients absorbed by algae so fish begin to die as oxygen levels fall

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22
Q

humus

A

decomposing organics, holds water and nutrients

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23
Q

there are two relative amounts of soil particles determined properties

A

water and mineral availability

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24
Q

water availability

A

soil solution available for plant uptake after gravity drainage, we have coats soil particules, partially fills pore spaces.
sandy soil looser holds less water than clay soils

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25
Q

humus relation to water availability

A

humus increases water availability

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26
Q

WILL BE ON FINAL: chlorosis

A

yellowing of plant tissues due to lack of chlorophyll

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27
Q

soil solution

A

a combination of water and dissolved substances that coats soil particles and partially fills pores spaces, available for plant uptake after gravity drainage(imp last part)

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28
Q

water molecules and soil solution

A

water molecules are attracted by negatively charged clay and humus particles

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29
Q

clay is

A

alkaline

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30
Q

mineral availabilty

A

dissolved in water
passively enter plant roots along with h2o
selectively absorbed by roots via ion-specific transport proteins

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31
Q

imp: mineral availability types available in soil solution but not equally available to plants

A

both cations (Na+, Ca+, Mg+) and anions (NO3-, SO4-2, PO4-3) are present in soil solution, but not equally available to plants

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32
Q

extensive root systems are

A

adaptations to limited mineral nutrients, make up 20-50% of total plant mass, roots grow as long as plants lives.

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33
Q

2 q coming: cation exchange

A

-mineral cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, K+) absorbed to negative soil particles
-cation exchange replaces minerals with H+ produced by roots as excreted H+ or carbonic acid produced by. respiring root cells.

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34
Q

2 mechanisms of cation exchange(imp from up)

A

1st mechanisms, constantly pumped H+ out and Ca2+/K+/Mg2+ taken by root hair.
2nd mechanism, co2 leaves, combines with h2o, forms carbonic acid in soil solution.

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35
Q

mineral availability: anions

A

Anions such as NO3- SO42- PO4- are weakly bound to soil, move freely into root hairs, leach easily by excess water

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36
Q

which of the following situation is true for availability of minerals in soil rich in clay with a pH of 8?

a- anions tightly bound to clay while cations can leach out easily
b- anions and cations do not bind to clay and available easily
c- cations and anions are tightly bound to clay and available
d- cations are tightly bound while anions can leach out easily
e- cations and anions leach out easily and are unavailable

A

d

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37
Q

eutrophication is the process by which

a- plants eliminate excess nitrogen
b- plants take up more fertilizers
c- an ecosystem is enriched with excess nitrogen and phosphorous
d- an ecosystem is depleted on nutrients required for its maintenance
e- plants eliminate excess phosphours

A

c

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38
Q

soil usually alkaline with negatively charged clay particles bound to

A

cations such as ca+ and mg+, anoions are readily available but ca be leached out easily.
when soil turns acidic due to pollution such as acid rain, negative charges on the clay are occupied by h+ and the cations are leached out easily and become unavailable to plants

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39
Q

alkaline soils:

A

anions leach out easily

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40
Q

acidic soils

A

cations leach out easily

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41
Q

On final: passive transport

A

requires no metabolic energy, substances move down a conc or electrochemical gradient.
ex: simple diffusion like H2O, O2, CO2.
ex: transport proteins/facilitate diffusion like ion channels and carrier proteins.

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42
Q

on final: active transport:

A

require metabolic energy ATP.
substances move against gradient
ex: transport proteins using energy like H+/proton pump

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43
Q

mechanisms to increase uptake

A

-root hairs, greatly inc. root S.A, absorbs h2o and minerals
-mycorrhizae, symbiotic association between fungus and plant roots, 2 way exchange of nutrients, plant provides fungus with carbon, fungus increases plant’s supply of soil nutrients.
-cuticle and stomata
-membrane transporters on root cell plasma membrane like K+ channel
-charged particules require a channel or transporter

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44
Q

charged particles require

A

a channel or transporter

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45
Q

plants concentrate CO2 and use ____ to produce all the food

A

trace minerals to produce all the food

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46
Q

two types of mechanisms plants use for moving water and solutes, both long distance and short distance transport

A

passive and active transport mechanisms

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47
Q

Short distance transport:

A

into and between cells
to and from vascular tissues
soil to roots

48
Q

long-distance transport

A

move substance between roots and shoot parts

49
Q

what movement in plants:

A

osmosis, passive movement of h2o across a selectively permeable membrane

50
Q

aquaporin proteins allow

A

rapid movement of water through hydrohpbic membrane core

51
Q

water potential

A

the potential energy of water
driving force, water moves from high h2o potential to low h2o potential

52
Q

water potential of pure water is

A

0

53
Q

presence of solutes affects water potential in what way

A

presence of solutes lowers water potential

54
Q

pressure potential

A

the force required to stop h2o movement, positive pressure increases water potential
negative pressure reduces water potential

55
Q

water potential =

A

negative water potential plus pressure potential

56
Q

osmosis creates

A

turgor pressure

57
Q

central vacuole is a ______ that maintains _________

A

central vacuole is a tonoplast membrane that maintains turgor pressure

58
Q

wilting

A

when conditions and concentrations are so bad plant cells lose all it’s waters

59
Q

wilting occurs when

A

plants lose more water than they gain, plasmolysis basically.
low potential of dry soil

60
Q

increase in solute inside the cell vacuole will result in

A

more negative solute potential and more positive turgor pressure inside the systems, so basically increase in solutes will increase pressure potential of the system

61
Q

The water potential 4 in the xyler is suddenly reduced to - 0.5 MPa due to reduced water content in the soil resulting from drought conditions. The solute potential (Y.) inside a
mesophyll cell exposed to this condition = - 0.3 MPa and pressure potential is
(Y,) = 0.1 MPa. What would be the response of the plant cell to this situation to maintain is
turgidity?
A)The plant cell exhibits no net water movement
B)The xylem water potential does not influence the cell’s water content
c) water will move from xylem into the plant cell, prior to solute movement into the cell
D)Water will move from the xylem into the plant cell after solute movement into the cell
E) The plant cell will lose all its solutes

A

D

62
Q

water and solutes travel across the root to the root xylem by two pathways

A

apoplastic pathway, symplastic pathway

63
Q

apoplastic pathway:

A

water moves across cortex to endodermis via cell walls and intercellular spaces until casparian stripe, nothing happens in the cell, nothing gets into the cell

64
Q

symplastic pathway:

A

water flows from cytoplasm of one cell to the next via plasmodesmata, inside the cell.

65
Q

which will be faster route between pathway? will be on final

A

apoplastic

66
Q

endodermis with casparian strips

A

screens that filtered and what plants need, once this gets into symplastic no need for screening by endodermis

67
Q

nutrients movement through both

A

apoplast (passively uptaken by roots) and symplast pathway (actively + passively uptaken)

68
Q

endodermal cells act

A

as a selective barrier so ions are actively transported ATP into xylem

69
Q

casparian strip in root endodermis forces

A

apoplastic water and nutrients into symplast, everything switches to symplastic.

70
Q

casparian strips ensures that

A

all water and solutes pass through a plasma membrane in order to enter a vasculature, allowing plants to regulate the ions that pass into the vascular tissue (imp)

71
Q

casparian strips in roots prevent

A

water from moving through cells

72
Q

casprian strips are in

A

endoderm

73
Q

casprian strips act as a

A

selective barrier for ions

74
Q

casprian strips restricts

A

solutes from flowing back

75
Q

leaf anatomy contributes to

A

cohesion-tension forces, tallest trees have cohesion-tension mechanism may reach its physical limit

76
Q

root pressure contributes

A

to upward water movement in some plants

77
Q

stomatal movements regulate

A

the loss of water by transpiration

78
Q

mechanical properties of water

A

transpiration and cohesion-tension mechanisms

79
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation of water out of plants, greater than water used in growth and metabolism

80
Q

cohesion-tension mechanism

A

evaporation from mesophyll walls, replacement by cohesion H-bonded water in xylem, tension, negative pressure gradient, adhesion of water to xylem walls adds to tension

81
Q

cohesion tension mechanism is driven by

A

transpiration

82
Q

effects of negative pressure on the column: what helps resist this?

A

lignin secondary cell wall
weight of the column
adhesive forces in xylem

83
Q

leaf anatomy key to processes

A

moving water upward in plants

84
Q

leaves facilitate

A

transpiration as:
-large volume of air space provides SA for evaporation
-stomata: thousands to millions of stomata
-short cell distances to xylem: each square cm contains thousands of xylem veins
memorize the thousands of the last two

85
Q

root pressure

A

positive pressure in roots that force xylem sap upward, occurs in high humidity or low light and moves water up short distances

86
Q

guttation (in final)

A

when root pressure is strong enough to force water out of leaf openings, water is pushed up and out of veins

87
Q

Transolaction might be in short free resoponse

A

how plants move sugars.
long-distance transport of substances via phloem
multi-directional (xylem is unidirectional and only up stream)

88
Q

might be in short free resoponse

phloem sap (water and organic compounds) flow through

A

sieve tubes, phloem sap contains more than just sugars.
amino acids, organic acids, organic nitrogen compounds, hormones, and other signal molecules.

89
Q

might be in short free resoponse

differences in pressure between source and sink regions drive

A

the flow

90
Q

source

A

any region of plant where organic substances are loaded into phloem, ex: mature leaves

91
Q

sink

A

any region of plant where organic substances are unloaded from phloem, ex: growing tissues and storage regions

92
Q

roots can act as

A

source or as sinks

93
Q

in spring, roots are

A

the source and leaves are sinks, in winter all nutrients are stored in sink

94
Q

phloem made out of

A

sieve tubes + companion cells

95
Q

sieve tubes are

A

alive at maturity but undergo partial programmed cell death

96
Q

sieve plates are

A

modified cell walls with plasma membrane lined pores

97
Q

sieve tubes are

A

connected to companion cells that play a life-supporting role

98
Q

features of mature sieve elements present (know for exam)

A

plasma membrane, plastids, mitochondria, Smooth ER

99
Q

mechanisms of sugar loading

A

both apoplastic and symplastic

100
Q

unloading of sugar is mostly

A

symplastic

101
Q

loading at a source

A

in leaves, surcose is actively loaded into phloem (into sieve tubes)

102
Q

more surcose loaded into the sieve tubes means

A

low water potential

103
Q

watch slide 58 animation

A
104
Q

pressure flow mechanism moves

A

substances by bulk flow under pressure from sources to sinks based on water potential gradients.
load from source -> transport in sieve tube -> unload into sinks

105
Q

bulk flow from source to sink

A

more sucrose in the sieve tubes, low water potential, so influx of water increases pressure in the sieve tubes, sap flows in bulk toward the sink (lower pressure), so sucrose is unloaded into sink cells.

106
Q

like animals, gas exchange by

A

simple diffusion

107
Q

to maximize the rate of diffusion,

A

short distance between cells and external environment, thin layered leaf, gas-filled space within leaves,
large leave area

108
Q

stomata

A

an aperture on epidermis of a leaf, mostly lower epidermis

109
Q

stomata consist of two specialized cells

A

guard cells that surround a tiny pore called a stoma

110
Q

co2 uptake results in

A

water loss, co2 enters and o2 exit leaf through opening stomata.
water vapor will exit the leaf along a diffusive gradient

111
Q

K+ is mostly in guard cell during

A

open stomata

112
Q

K+ is mostly in epidermal cells during

A

closed stomata

113
Q

stoma is open,

A

water and solute have moved in

114
Q

stoma is closed,

A

water and solutes have moved out. ABA signal shuts down stoma

115
Q

turgid stomata is

A

open

116
Q

flaccid stomata is

A

closed

117
Q

2 quesitons coming at least: closed stomata has 0 um of stomatal aperture, 1MPa guard cell turgor, K+ content 0.3 pmol vs open stomata with 8 um stomatal aperture, 4.5 MPa guard cell turgor, 2.5 pmol guard cell turgor

A

biol 371 final (4 decks)

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