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biol 371 final > Theme 4 > Flashcards

Theme 4 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a steady internal environment

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2
Q

challenges of homeostasis in marine/terrestrial/freshwater environment

A

organisms in marine and terrestrial environments require mechanisms to obtain and conserve water; freshwater environments do not.
obtaining salts and ions is easy in marine environments, but more difficult in freshwater and terrestrial environments.

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3
Q

osmosis

A

water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

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4
Q

osmolarity (useless but additional info)

A

the number of solute molecules and ions per litre of solution

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5
Q

hyperosmotic vs hyposomotic

A

In hyperosmotic, the total amount of solutes in a solution is greater than that of another solution.
In hyposomotic, the total amount of solutes in a solution is less than that of another solution.

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6
Q

how does solute concentration determine freezing point and boiling point of solution

A

Increasing solute concentration reduces the freezing point and increases the boiling point of a solution.

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7
Q

osmoconformers

A

animals that osmotic concentrations of the cellular and extracellular solutions simply match that of the environment.

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8
Q

marine invertebrates, hagfish and elasmobranchs as osmoconformers

A

when placed in dilute sea water, the osmotic concentration of their body fluids decreases and their weight increases as a result of the osmotic influx of water

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9
Q

osmoregulators

A

animals that use control mechanisms to keep the osmolality of cellular and extracellular fluids constant (i.e., homeostatically controlled) but at levels that may differ from the osmolality of the surroundings.

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10
Q

osmoregulators organisms

A

Most freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates, and almost all vertebrates

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11
Q

true or false: Cells must control their ionic and pH balance, water & solutes concentration, nutrients, gases, waste products, volume, pressure, temperature

A

true

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12
Q

Excertion

A

elimination of waste/toxins, aids in controlling content of extracellular fluid (salt/water/pH)

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13
Q

how is exertion tied to osmoregulation?

A

Animals excrete toxic products of metabolism, such as nitrogen-containing compounds resulting from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids, and breakdown products of poisons and toxins. The excretion of ions and metabolic products is accompanied by water excretion because water serves as a solvent for those molecules.

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14
Q

there are 4 steps of exertion

A

a- Filtration: the nonselective movement of water and a number of solutes ions and small molecules, but not large molecules such as proteins.
b- Reabsorption: molecules (e.g., glucose and amino acids) and ions are transported back into the extracellular fluid and into the blood as the filtered solution, basically the system takes back the solutes it wants to keep.
c- secretion: a selective process in which specific small molecules and ions are transported from the extracellular fluid and blood into the tubules for eliminating particular substances from the body fluid or blood.
d- exertion: urine is released into the environment.

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15
Q

metabolism of ingested food produces

A

metabolic water

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16
Q

Ammonia

A

Ammonia results from the metabolism of amino acids and proteins and is highly toxic: it can be safely transported and excreted from the body only in dilute solutions.

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17
Q

Urea

A

All mammals, most amphibians, some reptiles, some marine fishes, and some terrestrial invertebrates combine ammonia with HCO3– and convert the product in a series of steps to urea, a soluble substance that is less toxic than ammonia. Although producing urea requires more energy than forming ammonia, excreting urea instead of ammonia requires much less water

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18
Q

Uric acid

A

Water is conserved further in some animals, including many terrestrial invertebrates, reptiles, and birds, by the formation of uric acid instead of ammonia or urea. Uric acid is nontoxic, but its great advantage is its low solubility. it can be expelled with minimal water

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19
Q

all freshwater invertebrates are osmoregulators, therefore they’re

A

hyperosmotic relative to their environment, causing water to move constantly from the surroundings into their bodies

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20
Q

marine invertebrates (sponges, cnidarians, some molluscs, and echinoderms) are osmoconformers, therefore they

A

do expend energy to keep some ions, such as Na+, at concentrations different from the concentration in sea water.

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21
Q

freshwater invertebrates (osmoregulators) obtain salts…

A

they need from foods and by actively transporting salt ions from the water into their bodies

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22
Q

true or false: freshwater invertebrates can live in more varied habitats than osmoconformers can.

A

true

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23
Q

Terrestrial osmoregulators Although they do not have to excrete water entering by osmosis, they

A

they must constantly replace water lost from their bodies by evaporation and excretion. Most obtain water from their food, and some drink water. Like their freshwater relatives, these invertebrates must obtain salts from their surroundings, usually in their foods.

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24
Q

protonephridia has specialized Excretory Tubules that participate in Osmoregulation

A

the excretory tubules are open only at one end. Body fluids do not enter protonephridia directly. An ultrafiltrate enters the tubule through narrow extracellular spaces that permit only small molecules to enter, and exclude larger mole- cules such as proteins

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25
Q

Metanephridia has specialized Excretory Tubules that participate in Osmoregulation

A

they are open at both ends. They are characteristic of animals with coeloms, and the coelomic fluid is already an ultrafiltrate of the blood in the closed circulatory system

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26
Q

In all vertebrates, the specialized excretory tubules that contribute to osmoregulation and excretion are

A

called nephrons, and are located in the kidney

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27
Q

In all non mammalian vertebrates, the kidneys produce urine that is either

A

hypoosmotic (dilute) or isoosmotic to body fluids, with the exception of some birds, which can produce urine that is weakly hyperosmotic. Mammals, on the other hand, can produce a very concentrated urine

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28
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

The excretory tubules of insects

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29
Q

thermoregulation

A

is based on negative feedback pathways in which temperature receptors called thermoreceptors monitor body temperature and integrate this information by comparing it to a temperature set point

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30
Q

osmoregulatory challenges of migratory salmon

A

-fresh to marine to fresh water migration
-ion exchangers on gills
-kidneys

31
Q

osmoregulatory challenges of marine mammals

A

-no access to fresh water
- no gills
- lose little water by evaporation
-gain by eating food metabolic water

32
Q

Heart

A

A muscular heart pumps the fluid through the circulatory system.

33
Q

Vessels

A

The fluid is usually contained in tubular vessels that distribute it to the various organs.

34
Q

arteries

A

Vessels conducting blood away from the heart, control blood distribution to the body by controlling vessel diameter (resistance), depulsate pressure waves from beating heart (elastic)

35
Q

veins

A

vessels returning blood to the heart, store blood (easily expand)

36
Q

In, open circulatory system,

A

the vessels leaving the heart release fluid, termed hemolymph, directly into body spaces or into sinuses surrounding organs. The blood is not conveyed directly to all cells by tubes but is ejected from the open ends of the blood vessel and directly bathes the body tissues. In an open system, most of the fluid pressure generated by the heart dissipates when the blood is released from vessels into body spaces.

37
Q

In a closed circulatory system,

A

the blood is confined to blood vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. Substances are exchanged between the blood and the interstitial fluid, and then between the interstitial fluid and cells.

38
Q

capillaries

A

highly branched networks of microscopic, thin-walled vessels that are well adapted to allow substances to diffuse between the blood and the surrounding extracellular fluid.

39
Q

plasma

A

In vertebrates, blood is a complex connective tissue that contains a variety of cells suspended in a liquid

40
Q

Extracellular fluid contains

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

41
Q

Plasma contains

A

Water, ions, proteins, nutrients, gases

42
Q

erythrocytes contains

A

respiratory pigments - haemoglobin, haemocyanin, etc

43
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells) is

A

immune system

44
Q

hemoglobin

A

the O2-carrying protein of the blood

45
Q

platelets

A

are oval or rounded cell fragments, 2–4 μm in diameter, each enclosed in its own plasma membrane. They are produced in red bone marrow by the division of stem cells. Platelets contain enzymes and other factors that take part in blood clotting.

46
Q

Single circuit

A

most fishes have it, gill capillaries basically

47
Q

double circuit

A

birds/mammals, basically lung capillaries with heart

48
Q

variable circuits

A

amphibians/reptiles, basically lung capillaries and heart but w

49
Q

Giraffes and their adaption for blood pressure and their bodies

A

high blood pressure to move blood up to the brain, hypertensions causes problems for humans but giraffes have thick ventricles of heart without stiffening, dense connective tissues in legs, and have pooling blood in veins.

50
Q

Why is gas exchange needed?

A

-krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, consumes oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
-photosynthesis, consumes carbon dioxide and produces oxygen
-pH regulations via CO2 regulation, forms carbonic acid.

51
Q

ventilation

A

As they respire, animals remove O2 from the respiratory medium and replace it with CO2. Without ventilation, the concentration of O2 would fall in the respiratory medium close to the respiratory surface, and the concentration of CO2 would rise

52
Q

ventilation by bulk flow:

A

breathing moves air containing O2 into lungs and air containing CO2 out of lungs

53
Q

diffusion across the respiratory surface

A

oxygen diffuses from the lung into the blood and co2 diffuses out of the blood into the lungs

54
Q

circulation by bulk flow:

A

oxygen and co2 are transported by the circulatory system to and from cells

55
Q

diffusion between blood and cells:

A

oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells and co2 diffuses out of the cells into the blood

56
Q

ventilation breathing involves

A

-bulk flow between the respiratory medium (air/water) and the gas exchange surface (body surface/lungs/gills/etc.)
-diffusion is too slow

57
Q

gas exchange 5 points about SA/diffusion

A

-diffusion between the environment (air/water) and the ECF
-SA of gas exchange surface is proportional to mass and metabolic rate
-SA:V relationship are important, large animals need specialized gas exchange structures, lungs, gills, book lungs/gills, trachea (not just body surface)

58
Q

gas exchange surface area is proportional

A

to body mass

59
Q

Characteristics of a gas exchange structure

A

-reflected in Fick’s law of diffusion
Rate - D A
dC/dX
-large surface area to support high rates of diffusion (ex. alveoli)
-moist so gases can dissolve
-thin (small dX)

60
Q

Circulation of ECF for gas exchange

A

-circulation moves ECF within animal (bulk flow) using muscular heart and blood vessels

61
Q

at the ECF/ cell interface:

A

-diffusion at capillaries
-small diameter, high total surface area, thin

62
Q

composition of air

A

78% Nitrogen
21% oxygen
<15 carbon dioxide + other gase

63
Q

diffusion is based on

A

partial pressure gas gradients, each gas exerts a pressure that is proportional to its relative abundance in the mixture, ATM oxygen=21% while ATM CO2 = 0.03%

64
Q

Patterns of gas exchange

A

1- countercurrent
-crosscurrent
-uniform pool

65
Q

Counter current exchange

A

A biological mechanism in which there is an exchange of a substance between fluids flowing in the opposite direction, if water and blood move in same direction, gradient changes over the gill, if water and blood move in opposite direction, gradient is maintained over the gill

66
Q

counter current exchange for heat retention in wolves

A

direction and temperature of blood flow going down(hot) in artery while heat loss from artery goes to veins, conserving heat in body and having core body temp 37C in -11C weather

67
Q

Acid-base (pH) regulation

A

pH affects proteins, alters charge, changes shape, affects solubility, function, enzymatic activity, tight regulation

68
Q

human ECF pH

A

7.4 (6.8-7.7)

69
Q

Hemoglobin saturation level in lungs

A

in the alveoli, most hemoglobins are 100% saturated with bound four O2 molecules

70
Q

in capillaries, hemoglobin saturation levels depend

A

on the pH, which is about 7.2 so it holds less O2, about 25% to 50% saturated.

71
Q

Acid base pH regulation involves

A

production, retention, and removal of H+
CO2+H20<->h2co3 Carbonic acid<->HCO3- + H+
Both H+ and CO2 are sensors

72
Q

buffering systems operate at different rates

A

1) ventilation (plasma CO2) - fast
2) excretion/diffusion of HCO3- or H+ - hours to days
3) buffers in blood plasma
hyper ventilation

73
Q

Respiration

A

regulates blood levels of carbonic acid

74
Q

blood plasma

A

-protein buffers
-haemoglobin
-bicarbonate-carbonic acid
-NH3

biol 371 final (4 decks)

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