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biol 371 final > theme 3 > Flashcards

theme 3 Flashcards

1
Q

why did several vertebrae separated the pectoral girdle (shoulder area bone) from the cranium (skull bone)

A

allowed the animals to move its head to scan environment and capture food

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2
Q

why did Life on land required changes in sensory systems?

A

in water, body wall picks up sound vibrations and transfers them directly to sensory receptors, Sound waves are harder to detect in air, that led to appearance of ear drums to detect vibrations in air.

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3
Q

What should be the condition of the skin of amphibians living in the terrestrial environment?

A

The skin must be moist and thin enough to bring blood into close contact, as blood vessels can be used as major site of gas exchange.

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4
Q

why do terrestrial animals produce urea or uric acid instead of ammonia?

A

Ammonia is less expensive metabolically but it is very toxic and needs to be flushed away with water immediately, which is only done for aquatic animals.

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5
Q

How did early animals overcome terrestrial environment challenges of locomotion?

A

A skeleton provides support and points of attachment for muscles, allowing locomotion and survival on land

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6
Q

which animal was first on the land?

A

Arthropods

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7
Q

Some animals we find on land still need water to complete lifecycle such as

A

Amphibians

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8
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

it is the growth and development of an unfertilized egg.

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9
Q

True or False: Offspring produced by parthenogenesis may be haploid or diploid

A

True.

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10
Q

Is the offspring from parthenogenesis genetically identical to the parent or to each other?

A

No, the egg from which a parthenogenetic offspring is produced derives from meiosis in the female parent.

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11
Q

Is the egg in parthenogenesis diploid or haploid?

A

Parthenogenesis eggs are diploid (2N).

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12
Q

What are the environmental challenges in the aquatic environment?

A

1-The density of Water causes less light availability
2- viscosity, it affects the motility of aquatic animals
3- lower oxygen content, as oxygen diffuses lower in water
4- high thermal conductance, water removes a lot of heat from living things

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13
Q

how are Amniote eggs resistant to desiccation?

A

Amniote eggs keep fluid in to protect the embryo from desiccation.

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14
Q

Adaptations for Desiccation avoidance

A

(mechanisms to reduce water loss)
Thick skin, Waxy cuticle
Produce concentrated insoluble Urine, Urea/Uric acid, loop of Henle
Behaviour

(mechanisms to Replace water loss)
Drink, eat moist food
Metabolic water

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15
Q

What organism uses Aestivation

A

African lungfish, for desiccation tolerance

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16
Q

ways for Desiccation tolerance

A

Aestivation - state of dormancy

life cycle- parthenogenesis

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17
Q

what animal depends on parthenogenesis for desiccation tolerance

A

Rotifers

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18
Q

In what environmental condition does a Rotifer use asexual reproduction

A

Unstressed moist conditions

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19
Q

What adaptations were made for freeze tolerance

A

Ice nucleating proteins
life cycle stages
hibernation/lowering metabolism

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20
Q

what adaptations were made for freeze avoidance

A

avoid by thermoregulation
avoid by behaviour

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21
Q

what adaptations happened for excretion of wastes for terrestrials

A

1-Urea is less toxic and can be stored in higher concentrations, limiting water loss compared to toxic ammonia.
2-Uric acid is even less toxic and insoluble, it is a white paste in bird poo, and because it is insoluble, it can be stored or voided without risk while conserving water.

22
Q

What adaptions happened to protect reproductive structures from desiccation?

A

Gametes:
1- internal fertilization
2- mate finding

embryo:
1- aquatic larvae
2- thick covering on eggs
- amniote vertebrates surround embryos with amniotic membrane

23
Q

major challenges to living on land

A

1- desiccation
2- gravity
3- breathing air
4- sensory systems and structures

24
Q

what does high cellular CO2 concentration do and why is it bad?

A

High cellular CO2 produces changes in cellular pH, which in turn alter the activity levels of all functional proteins.
high cellular CO2 is bad because it is a narcotic poison that damages nerve function.

25
Q

what is hypoxic environment?

A

an environment that is too low on oxygen to sustain most aerobic life, particularly an aquatic environment

26
Q

How do animals adapt to hypoxic environment?

A

Marine mammals, like dolphins, come to the water’s surface to breathe and they exhibit adaptations that prolong breath-holding during diving. Many species of fish living in oxygen-poor waters have adaptations that allow them to breathe air at the water’s surface

27
Q

Does the speed of sound move faster in water or air?

A

It moves 10,000 times faster in water

28
Q

is there the same amount of O2 in the air as in water for the same partial pressure?

A

No, There is 30 times the amount of O2 in air as in water for the same partial pressure

29
Q

does it take more energy to move water than air over a respiratory surface?

A

the density of water is 1000 times that of air, and its viscosity is about 50 times that of air. Therefore, it takes significantly more energy to move water than air over a respiratory surface.

30
Q

Is there some sort of advantage or disadvantage for aquatic animals living in warm water compared to cold water when it comes to temperature or the amount of solute?

A

when either the temperature or the amount of solute increases, the amount of gas that can dissolve in water decreases. Therefore, with respect to obtaining O2, aquatic animals that live in warm water are at a disadvantage compared with those that live in cold water

31
Q

what are the advantages of breathing water for aquatic animals?

A

CO2 is 20 times more soluble in water than O2, and CO2 excretion is easily achieved as a result of the ventilation required to obtain oxygen in aquatic organisms. Thus, aquatic animals face challenges in obtaining O2 from water compared with terrestrial animals but have a much easier time eliminating CO2.

32
Q

what is a disadvantage of breathing for air-breathing organisms?

A

air constantly evaporates water from the respiratory surface unless it is saturated with water vapour. Therefore, except in an environment with 100% humidity, animals lose water by evaporation during breathing and must replace the water to keep the respiratory surface from drying.

33
Q

how does gas exchange across respiratory surfaces occur?

A

All gas exchange across respiratory surfaces occurs by diffusion

34
Q

do insects use blood to transport gases like mammals?

A

Insects do not use blood to transport these gases

35
Q

Why must gas exchange surfaces be moist?

A

Gases must first dissolve in a liquid in order to diffuse across a membrane, so all biological gas exchange systems require a moist environment.

side note:In general, the higher the concentration gradient across the gas-exchanging surface, the faster the rate of diffusion across it.

36
Q

is it possible for large multicellular organisms to depend solely on diffusion for gas exchange?

A

No, animals that do so require a large surface area-to-volume ratio, only if the animal is thin and flat.
in fact, bacteria can rely on diffusion solely due to their very high SA:V ratio.

37
Q

what system do insects use for gas exchange?

A

Insects Use a Tracheal System for Gas Exchange

38
Q

explain Insect Tracheal system

A

Insects breathe air through a unique respiratory system consisting of air-conducting tubes called tracheae, Air enters and leaves the tracheal system at openings in the insect’s chitinous exoskeleton called spiracles

39
Q

How do most insects and invertebrates detect vibrations and sound?

A

through mechanosensors, it then translate vibrations into nerve impulse

40
Q

What is a mechanosensor?

A

it is a tympanal organ that detects vibrations and sounds in invertebrates

41
Q

How do vertebrates detect sound?

A

auditory system

42
Q

What does pinna (outer ear) do?

A

concentrates and focuses sound waves

43
Q

What 3 auditory ossicles do mammals have?

A

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

44
Q

What is an oval window?

A

an elastic membrane where vibrations in bone are converted to vibrations in the fluid in the vestibular canal.
Vibrations of the eardrum are conducted through the oval window.

45
Q

what do chemosensory structures do?

A

Chemosensors provide information about taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction)

46
Q

How do Antennae smell?

A

Antennae have hair-like chemosensory structures to smell, pores found on hair allow odor molecules to enter then dissolve to be transported through fluid and bind to receptors.

47
Q

How many inner ear bones do reptiles have and how did it evolved?

A

reptiles have one inner ear bone, it evolved from parts of the jaw.

48
Q

Does eye size matter in water?

A

no, as eye size increases, vision ability under water stays the same

49
Q

Does eye size matter in air?

A

Yes, as eye size increases, vision ability increases. millions-fold increase in space to see

50
Q

during transition, eyes

A

eyes tripled in size, and shifted from the side to the top of head

biol 371 final (4 decks)

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