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3.5 Memory > Theme 4: Autobiographical Memory > Flashcards

Theme 4: Autobiographical Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Which are the two central properties of ABMs (Rubin, 2005)?

A

a sense of recollection and
the belief that memories are accurate

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2
Q

What is the average strength of ABM recollection predicted by (Rubin, 2005)?

A

the vividness of visual imagery

to a lesser extent, by the vividness of auditory imagery, emotion, and narrative coherence

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3
Q

What is the average degree of belief in the accuracy of ABMs predicted by (Rubin, 2005)?

A

by spatial context clarity and by narrative coherence

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4
Q

Damage to which areas can lead to amnesia (Rubin, 2005)?

A

damage to the hippocampus and/or other structures in the medial temporal area

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5
Q

emotional deficits and pathologies have general effects on memory. How does depression, PD, and PTSD affect ABM (Rubin, 2005)?

A
  • Depression attenuates specificity in memories
  • PD and PTSD patients have enhanced memory for threat-related stimuli
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6
Q

What aspects of ABM do the frontal and posterior brain regions manage (Rubin, 2005)?

A

frontal regions: retrieve episodic memories
posterior regions: involved in sensory processing

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7
Q

How does engaging in more distinct behavioural acts influence how ABMs are stored (Rubin, 2005)?

A

the related ABMs involve more:
- visual and spatial processing
- processing related to the person’s memory of connected events
- and the ABMs are more strongly recalled

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8
Q

What is stated in the Theory of Autobiographical Knowledge Organisation (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

Autobiographical event information is stored in a hierarchy at different levels of abstraction (lifetime periods, general events, specific event, event-specific knowledge).
Episodic info (i.e., details) about an event is stored at different levels in this hierarchy, with the conceptualised details and contextualised perceptual details of the same memory stored separately

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9
Q

Which are the two distinct neural mechanisms behind episodic ABMs (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

the dorsal-medial and the medial temporal subsystem

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10
Q

what does the dorsal-medial neural subsystem of episodic ABM process (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

it processes conceptual and schematic AB info

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11
Q

what does the medial-temporal neural subsystem of episodic ABM process (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

it processes perceptual and imagery-based self-generated info

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12
Q

The neural subsystems of episodic ABM are divided into perceptual memory (____ subsystem) and ____ memory (____ subsystem) (Sheldon et al., 2019)

A

medial-temporal
conceptual
dorsal-medial

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13
Q

Early vs late retrieval studies find supporting evidence for the two-neural-subsystem of episodic ABMs. What are these findings (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

During the early access stage, higher-order info is retrieved and evaluated, requiring the conceptual system.
During the later elaboration stage, the perceptual and experiential details are accessed, requiring the perceptual system

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14
Q

General vs specific retrieval studies find supporting evidence for the two-neural-subsystem of episodic ABMs. What are these findings (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

specific events vs. personal knowledge commonly activate a number of regions but specific events recruit regions of the perceptual subsystem

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15
Q

What is the role of the HPC in ABM retrieval (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

it associates and integrates info from larger processing systems to access memory details & form a coherent mental representation

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16
Q

what aspect of memories does the aHPC access (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

coarse-grained conceptual details

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17
Q

what aspect of memories does the pHPC access (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

fine-grained perceptual details

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18
Q

What determines whether the aHPC or pHPC will be recruited for retrieval (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

The reason for remembering an experience (signalled by PFC regions)

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19
Q

What type of tasks is perceptual remembering (pHPC) used for (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

it is effective for closed tasks where we use environmental cues to access a relevant past memory and make rapid decisions

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20
Q

What type of tasks is conceptual remembering (aHPC) used for (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

it is better suited for open-ended tasks because it allows a person to access generalised memory representations and evaluate them as they apply to new situations

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21
Q

What type of tasks is conceptual remembering (aHPC) used for (Sheldon et al., 2019)?

A

it is better suited for open-ended tasks because it allows a person to access generalised memory representations and evaluate them as they apply to new situations

22
Q

What is memory consolidation Stickgold, 2005)?

A

the process of memory stabilisation through which memories become resistant to interference

23
Q

what is slow-wave sleep (SWS) (Stickgold, 2005)?

A

it refers to stages 3 and 4 of NREM (the deepest stages of sleep) that show patterns of large, slow (0.5–4-Hz) oscillations

24
Q

Which stage of sleep has NOT been implicated in sleep-dependent memory processing (Stickold, 2005)?

A

NREM1

25
Q

Describe the visual texture discrimination test (Stickgold, 2005)

A

participants must identify the orientation of an array of diagonal bars against a background grid of horizontal bars

26
Q

What were the 2 main findings regarding memory consolidation in the visual texture discrimination test (Stickgold, 2005)?

A
  1. consolidation correlates with the amount of SWS in the first quarter of the night and the amount of REM in the last quarter
  2. Sleep deprivation the night after training prevents normal improvement (even 4 days later)
27
Q

Describe the motor sequence test (Stickgold, 2005)

A

it is a finger-tapping task where participants type a simple numeric sequence on a keyboard as quickly and accurately as possible. Alternative versions require subjects to touch fingers to thumb in a particular order

28
Q

What were the 2 main findings regarding memory consolidation using the motor sequence test (Stickgold, 2005)?

A
  1. Cross-training (training 2nd finger tapping task) interferes with the sleep-dependent enhancement of the ability; not the ability to perform it per se
  2. stage 2 NREM correlates with increased performance speed
29
Q

What is a central conclusion about the impact of sleep on memory drawn by Stickgold (2005)?

A

procedural learning consolidation is sleep-dependent. However, declarative learning can occur during wakefulness also

30
Q

Which aspect of declarative memory seems to be most influenced by sleep, and by which stage of sleep (Stickgold, 2005)?

A

REM sleep possibly contributes to the consolidation of emotionally charged declarative memories

31
Q

Several genes that are upregulated during sleep are believed to contribute to ____ and ____ (Stickgold, 2005)

A

brain plasticity
memory consolidation

32
Q

In what way does sleep enhance performance, as evidenced in brain imaging studies (Stickgold, 2005)?

A

by altering the strategy used by the brain, allowing for a more automatic execution of the task

33
Q

A classic sleep study by Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924) suggested that the primary cause of forgetting is interference. What is Wixted’s (2005) response to those findings?

A

that interference is indeed a primary cause of forgetting, but the interference process has since been modelled in a way that is not likely to be very relevant to ordinary forgetting

34
Q

What is the cue-overload effect (Wixted, 2005)?

A

when more than one memory is associated with the same retrieval cue

35
Q

How can the cue-overload effect be tested? Name and explain the experimental design (Wixted, 2005)

A

using the A-B, A-C paired-associates design
participants learn an A-B list of cue-target word pairs followed by a second, A-C, list involving the same cue words but different target words. A control group learns the A-B list followed by a C-D list, which involves a completely different set of words. Both groups are then tested by giving the A cues and asking for recall of the B targets

the experimental group should perform more poorly than the control group

36
Q

The cue-overload effect has never been generalised outside of a lab setting. What does Wixted (2005) propose as an alternative explanation for interference?

A

trace interference - new memories degrade previously established ones that have not yet consolidated

37
Q

According to Wixted (2005), when are memories most vulnerable to disruption?

A

during consolidation

38
Q

What is anterograde amnesia and how does it occur (Wixted, 2005)?

A

it is an inability to form new memories caused by bilateral HPC damage

39
Q

What does Wixted (2005) mean when he states that “retrograde amnesia is temporally graded”?

A

bilateral damage to the HPC (to an extent) also impacts previously formed memories, with the most recent ones being more vulnerable

This is evidence for trace interference as a primary cause of forgetting

40
Q

Wixted (2005) also states that retroactive interference is also temporally graded, meaning that encoding new information interferes more with recently formed than with older memories. However, little evidence supports this. How does Wixted (2005) justify this observation?

A

Wixted argues that this is due to a failure to distinguish between interference based on trace degradation (a storage phenomenon) and interference based on cue overload (a retrieval phenomenon). This explains why studies that varied the temporal point of memory formation found supporting evidence, while studies manipulating the timing of cue overload don’t.

41
Q

What is retrograde facilitation (Wixted, 2005)?

A

material learned just prior to consuming alcohol, benzos, or sleeping, is at a later point remembered better than it otherwise would have been

42
Q

How does Wixted (2005) explain retrograde facilitation as a result of intoxication?

A

the reduced rate of memory formation while under the influence protects recently formed memories during a period of time when they are especially vulnerable

43
Q

What is a plausible biological explanation behind retrograde facilitation, according to Wixted (2005)?

A

drugs close the HPC to new input, inducing anterograde amnesia without compromising the HPC’s ability to consolidate previously formed memories. This protects those memories from retroactive interference

44
Q

Forgetting is a function of ____ acting on memory traces that have not yet consolidated. In the early stages of consolidation, memory traces are maintained by ____ in the ____. However, the maintenance of these traces is vulnerable to later formation of new memories (Wixted, 2005)

A

retroactive interference
LTP-like processes
HPC

45
Q

What is within-individual retrieval induced forgetting (WI-RIF) (Stone et al., 2013)?

A

forgetting on the part of the speaker, induced by selective remembering

46
Q

What is socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting (SS-RIF) (Stone et al., 2013)?

A

forgetting on the part of the listener, induced by selective remembering

47
Q

What did Stone et al. (2013) investigate in their article?

A

there is evidence that people can induce themselves to forget their own ABMs (i.e., WI-RIF for ABMs), but no research had been done yet investigating SS-RIF for ABMs

48
Q

What kind of memories are central to trauma in PTSD?

A

flashbulb memories

49
Q

Which stages of sleep are most important of sleep-dependent consolidation for visual discrimination tasks (Stickgold, 2005)?

A

SWS and REM sleep

50
Q

Which stages of sleep are most important of sleep-dependent consolidation for motor tasks (Stickgold, 2005)?

A

stage 2 NREM and SWS sleep

51
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe in sleep-dependent consolidation (Stickgold, 2005)?

A

it is the brain’s motor area and also the location of SWS

explains motor task improvement from SWS

3.5 Memory (6 decks)

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