Lectures Flashcards
What are the 3 main memory systems (lecture 1)?
sensory memory, WM, and LTM
Which are the 2 subcomponents of sensory memory?
iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory
what is working memory?
the active part of memory involved in rehearsing information (~30s)
name the 3 parts of WM and their functions
- central executive: control unit
- visuo-spatial sketchpad: maintains visuospatial information (inner eye)
- phonological loop: maintains verbal information (inner ear)
the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop work ____ and interference in one ____ performance the other
independently, doesn’t influence
what are the 3 subcomponents of LTM?
procedural, episodic, and semantic memory
what processess enable rehearsal in the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop?
VSS: eye movements
PhL: subvocal processes
what is dual task methodology and why is it used in WM research?
a participant must perform 2 tasks simultaneously that engage separate modalities. This allows us to assess the various components of WM
what are the phases of a simple span task?
encoding, delay, and retrieval
what is the phonological similarity effect?
lists of similarly sounding words are harder to remember compared to dissimilar words
what are irrelevant speech effects?
irrelevant verbal interference negatively impacts recall
what is articulatory suppression?
nonsensical speech articulation worsens immediate recall
Subvocal rehearsal occurs in ____ and verbal information is stored in ____
Broca’s area
the supramarginal gyrus (SMG)
what information does the visual cache store and where?
visual info in the ventral “what” pathway (colour, form, orientation)
what information does the inner scribe store and where?
spatial info in the dorsal “where and how” pathway
fill in the gaps and describe what is depicted
the ventral (what) and dorsal (where+how) pathways
the ventral corresponds to the visual cache & stores visual info
the dorsal corresponds to the inner scribe & stores spatial info
describe the delayed match-to-sample task & what it tests
it assesses visual matching ability and short-term visual recognition memory for nonverbal patterns
what do pre-cues test in the delayed match-to-sample task?
one’s concept of perceptual space
what do retro-cues test in the delayed match-to-sample task?
one’s mental space
What do we expect to find when testing participants using valid and invalid pre-cues and retro-cues?
Hit rate and RT differences between valid and invalid cues are similar for pre-cues and retro-cues
which factors influence performance in delayed match-to-sample tasks?
longer delay times, larger set sizes, and larger distractor distance
what evidence was found indicating a common neural substrate for attention?
neural studies demonstrating that shifting attention to one direction shifts neural activity to the opposite side
Westerners are faster to respond with left hand to beginning items, meanwhile Arabic speakers are faster with their right hand. No preference for illiterate individuals
what do position marker models of memory posit?
Each item in a sequence is bound to a certain position marker instilled through visuospatial mechanisms involved in verbal WM:
Verbal memoranda is spatially mapped in WM, and spatial attention is involved in search & selection
wht does the cortical recycling hypothesis posit?
we recycle more concrete systems to be used for more abstract systems
Thoughts can be predicted/tracked based on ____ & ____ activity. This is modulated by ____ and ____
neural, oculomotor
literacy, reading direction
what is a conceptual/semantic space?
a 2D space that includes all words we know. The closer words are to each other in space, the more semantically related they are
How do recall and forgetting manifest in SM?
recall doesn’t involve reliving memories, and SM is resistant to forgetting
How do recall and forgetting manifest in EM?
recall involves reliving memories, and EM is vulnerable to forgetting