Theme 1: Memory in Everyday Life Flashcards
What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?
disinformation is intentional, misinformation is usually not
What is the misinformation effect?
exposing people to misinformation negatively affects their memory of previous knowledge
what is the continued influence effect?
misinformation can still influence people after it’s withdrawn
What are 4 ways of correcting misinformation?
warnings, linking related articles, providing additional information about current article, and stimulating reflection
name the 10 properties of the internet according to Marsh & Rajaram (2019)
- unlimited scope of info
- inaccurate info
- rapidly changing content
- distractions & choices
- widespread access
- need to actively search
- fast results
- ability to create/edit content
- undisclosed source information
- interpersonal connections
what are source misattributions?
memories from one source are misattributed to past experience
what is an illusory truth?
when repeating a statement increases belief in it
what is the save/erase paradigm? what does research say about it (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?
the paradigm states that offloading memories impairs their encoding
there might be contradictory findings because people might not trust individual electronic devices, but don’t believe in absolute erasure of content from the internet
explain the levels of processing effect
drawing people’s attention to perceptual or phonological information impairs semantic memory
how does the internet encourage shallow processing accoring to Marsh & Rajaram (2019)?
- it offers people too many choices that cause high mental load
- it impairs comprehension, as reading from screens is tiring & people likely read sentences in mixed order
in what way does internet use become habitual (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?
people with internet acces are less willing to rely on their own memories
____ information inflates one’s confidence in their knowledge, while ____ information doesn’t (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)
searching for, finding
What are JOLs, FOKs, and FOFs (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?
JOLs → one’s prediction that they will remember recently learning information
FOKs → estimates of one’s ability to retrieve information from memory
feeling of findability (FOFs) → one’s sense of how easily they can find the desired information (don’t correlate with FOKs)
What is the difference between JOLs, FOKs, and FOLs (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?
metacognitive awareness is usually assessed using JOLs and FOKs, but using the internet may require a different form of metacognitive awareness (aka, FOLs)
is the internet likelier to contain misinformation (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?
yes - everchanging environment with low credibility sources & superficial use/communication
how does the internet influence autobiographical memory (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?
it can become more positive if we choose to post only psitive life events
What is meant by the phrase “the internet increases information appropriation” (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?
if the search for info is easy, people misinterpret the ideas of others as their own
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory (Farzafar et al., 2022)?
it encodes relations to support episodic memory and spatial navigation
What is a cognitive map (Farzafar et al., 2022)?
the internal representation of spatial relations in an environment