Theme 1: Memory in Everyday Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?

A

disinformation is intentional, misinformation is usually not

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2
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

exposing people to misinformation negatively affects their memory of previous knowledge

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3
Q

what is the continued influence effect?

A

misinformation can still influence people after it’s withdrawn

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4
Q

What are 4 ways of correcting misinformation?

A

warnings, linking related articles, providing additional information about current article, and stimulating reflection

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5
Q

name the 10 properties of the internet according to Marsh & Rajaram (2019)

A
  1. unlimited scope of info
  2. inaccurate info
  3. rapidly changing content
  4. distractions & choices
  5. widespread access
  6. need to actively search
  7. fast results
  8. ability to create/edit content
  9. undisclosed source information
  10. interpersonal connections
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6
Q

what are source misattributions?

A

memories from one source are misattributed to past experience

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7
Q

what is an illusory truth?

A

when repeating a statement increases belief in it

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8
Q

what is the save/erase paradigm? what does research say about it (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?

A

the paradigm states that offloading memories impairs their encoding
there might be contradictory findings because people might not trust individual electronic devices, but don’t believe in absolute erasure of content from the internet

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9
Q

explain the levels of processing effect

A

drawing people’s attention to perceptual or phonological information impairs semantic memory

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10
Q

how does the internet encourage shallow processing accoring to Marsh & Rajaram (2019)?

A
  1. it offers people too many choices that cause high mental load
  2. it impairs comprehension, as reading from screens is tiring & people likely read sentences in mixed order
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11
Q

in what way does internet use become habitual (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?

A

people with internet acces are less willing to rely on their own memories

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12
Q

____ information inflates one’s confidence in their knowledge, while ____ information doesn’t (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)

A

searching for, finding

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13
Q

What are JOLs, FOKs, and FOFs (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?

A

JOLs → one’s prediction that they will remember recently learning information
FOKs → estimates of one’s ability to retrieve information from memory
feeling of findability (FOFs) → one’s sense of how easily they can find the desired information (don’t correlate with FOKs)

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14
Q

What is the difference between JOLs, FOKs, and FOLs (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?

A

metacognitive awareness is usually assessed using JOLs and FOKs, but using the internet may require a different form of metacognitive awareness (aka, FOLs)

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15
Q

is the internet likelier to contain misinformation (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?

A

yes - everchanging environment with low credibility sources & superficial use/communication

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16
Q

how does the internet influence autobiographical memory (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?

A

it can become more positive if we choose to post only psitive life events

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17
Q

What is meant by the phrase “the internet increases information appropriation” (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019)?

A

if the search for info is easy, people misinterpret the ideas of others as their own

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18
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

it encodes relations to support episodic memory and spatial navigation

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19
Q

What is a cognitive map (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

the internal representation of spatial relations in an environment

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20
Q

What is a spatial gist (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

a summary of various related cognitive maps, minus perceptual details

21
Q

What is a spatial schema (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

the integration of multiple gists

it is independent of specific environments & of the hippocampus

22
Q

explain what pattern separation is (Farzafar et al., 2022)

A

it keeps cognitive maps and gists distinct from one another (but they can still work with schemas to aid in navigation)

23
Q

what is a paired associate task (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

a paradigm for learning and remembering associations between stimuli that are artificially associated

24
Q

describe the following paired associate task described by Farzafar et al. (2022) and what the findings were

A
  1. Rats have to dig to get the pellet. We know that rats create a schema when they look again for the pellets in the same location.
  2. Rat is shown one pellet and they have to locate the one with the same flavour pellet. This is done with all flavour pellets.
  3. new flavour pellets are added in new locations to see how it influences their spatial schema. A single exposure is enough to update schema
25
Q

What has been infered about rats with lesioned HPCs using the village maze paradigm (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

they use stable room geometry rather than distal or surface cues to navigate to correct goal locations

26
Q

the process of activity shifting from the ____ to the ____ for memory retriveal is called ____ (Farzafar et al., 2022)

A

HPC, PFC, semanticisation/consolidation

27
Q

how can individuals with hippocampal amnesia navigate familiar environments (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

through retained schematic forms of spatial representation

Semantic representations or spatial schemas exist independently of the HPC

28
Q

Schematised spatial memories primarily include ____ properties rather than ____ properties (Farzafar et al., 2022)

A

geometric, surface

29
Q

Fill in the blacks (area & function)

A
30
Q

explain the process of memory consolidation (Farzafar et al., 2022)

A

transient detailed memories originating in the HPC become stabilised, generalised representations in neocortical regions

31
Q

what do concept cells encode?

A

representations of specific persons or landmarks

32
Q

what are geometric features & what is the purpose of geometric resemblance? (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

Geometric features are the 3D structural features of an environment.
Geometric resemblance guides the generalisation of spatial learning of locations

33
Q

what is remapping in place cells (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

the change in firing when geometric or surface features are modified - allows us to recognise same environment from different angles or different environments with similar features

34
Q

what are hidden state inferences (Farzafar et al., 2022)?

A

the sum of stored representations & sensory information guiding assumptions about our environment

35
Q

similarly to semantic knowledge, spatial representations are prone to ____ and are ____ organised

A

systematic biases, hierarchically

36
Q

how does the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) aid spatial navigation (Farfazar et al., 2022)?

A

it encodes common features of routes & distances in well known locations, and integrates egocentric and allocentric spatial frames of reference

37
Q

the aHPC creates a ____ to encode ____ spaces
the pHPC creates a ____ to encode ____ spaces

A

global code, large outdoor
local code, small/junction

38
Q

the key feature of environments that allows for generalisation of spatial representations is…

A

geometric resemblance

39
Q

which are the 2 main mechanisms of forgetting (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)?

A

interference (majority of influence) and decay

40
Q

name the 6 possible reasons for forgetting (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)

A
  1. decay
  2. interference
  3. ineffective cues
  4. inhibition ( instructed forgetting or change in mental context)
  5. selective retrieval
  6. suppressed retrieval (one memory overpowers another)
41
Q

what is the retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) effect (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)?

A

retrieval of a target memory is made easier at the cost of rendering competitors harder to recall

42
Q

what is the suppression-induced forgetting (SIF) effect (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)?

A

retrieval of a target memory is impaired after repeatedly suppressing its recall

43
Q

In what ways does forgetting act as a guardian (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)?

A

it allows us to avoid negative past emotions & find stability by removing details inconsistent with our self- and world-views

44
Q

In what ways does forgetting act as a librarian (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)?

A

it reduces mental clutter, updates experiences and memories with new information to maximise relevance and minimise competition, & creates generalised memories that can be flexibly applied to novel situations

45
Q

In what ways does forgetting act as an inventor (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)?

A

Selective forgetting weakens mental fixation, facilitating relearning & the differentiation of existing memory representations
Also, rediscovery of previously thought solutions optimises reward states

46
Q

What method can be helpful for patients with PTSD or addiction disorders according to Fawcett & Hulbert (2020)?

A

Memory reconsolidation → active retrieval updates our memories and attenuates the impact of unwanted ones

47
Q

what is the forgetting-fixation hypothesis (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)?

A

new perspective can be achieved by breaking circular thinking (i.e., creativity is enhanced by reducing mental fixation)

48
Q

explain the time-capsule paradigm (Fawcett & Hulbert, 2020)

A

people generally underestimate the pleasure, interest, and curiosity associated with rediscovering ordinary, forgotten experiences