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Biology 108 > Theme 4 Animals > Flashcards

Theme 4 Animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of all animals?

A
  1. Lack cells walls (instead we have ECM with collagen!)
  2. Multicellular
  3. Chemoheterotrophic, phagotrophic
  4. Hox Genes

note (gastrulation is only common to those with true tissues

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2
Q

What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostromes?

A
  1. Protostomes
    - spiral, determinate cleavage
    - mouth forms first
  2. Deuterostomes
    -radial, indeterminate cleavage
    -anus forms first
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3
Q

What are the shared derived traits of clade Metazoa

A
  1. Multicellularity
  2. Cell Adhesion
  3. Sperm, ova
  4. Embryonic Blastulae
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4
Q

What are the synapormorphies of eumetazoa?

A
  1. Gastrulation
  2. True tissue
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5
Q

What are the clades within basal Eumetazoa group Cnidaria?

A
  1. Medusozoans (produce a medusa in life cycle)
  2. Anthozoans (only sessile and colonial polyps) e.g sea anemones, coral

Remember antho means flower, polyps look like flowers

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6
Q

What are the groups within lophotrochozoa?

A
  1. Platyhelminthes
  2. Rotifera
  3. Ectoprocta
  4. Brachiopoda
  5. Mollusca
  6. Annelida
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Arthropoda?

A
  1. Hard scerlotized cuticle
  2. Jointed, paired appendages
  3. Segemented Embryos
  4. Reduced Coelom (have hemocoelom)
  5. Open circulatory system (instead have hemolymph)
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8
Q

Characterize chelicerates

A
  1. have chelicerae
  2. 4 pairs of legs
  3. 2 tagmata
  4. no antennae
  5. uniramous limbs
  6. simple eyespots
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9
Q

Characterize Myriapods

A
  1. one set Atennae
  2. simple eyespots
  3. direct development into
    also, only terrestrial

Includes: centipedes and millipedes

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10
Q

Characterize Crustacea

A
  1. Complex eyes
  2. 3 tagmata
  3. biramous limbs
  4. 2 pairs of atennae
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11
Q

Characterize Hexapoda

A
  1. uniramous limbs with or without wings
  2. one set of antennae
  3. 3x pairs of limbs
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12
Q

Characterize platyhelminthes

A

1.incomplete digestive tract
2.lack a coelom
3. No circulatory system
2 Lineages include:
Rhabitophora,catenulida

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13
Q

Which groups are lophophorates, and characterize them together?

A
  1. Ectroprocta and brachiopoda
  2. Have cilliated eating tentacles
  3. have coelom
  4. sessile with mobile larvae stage
  5. suspension feeders (lophophore
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14
Q

Which clades belong to group trochozoa and characterize them?

A
  1. Mollusca and annelida
  2. have trochophore larvae

Mollusca:
- unsegemented
- open circulatory system
- includes gastropoda, polyplacothora, bivalvia and cephlapoda

Annelids:
-“fused rings”
-segmented
-closed circulatory system
-complete digestive tract
Includes errantians and sedentarians (earthworms, leeches)

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15
Q

What is the difference between errantians and sedentarians?

A

Sedentarians lack parapodia

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16
Q

What are the lophophorate groups?

A
  1. Ectoprocta
  2. Brachiopoda

(both have lophophore for suspension feeding)

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17
Q

What are the trocozoans?

A
  1. Mollusa
  2. Annelida
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18
Q

Characterize mollusa including which phyla

A
  1. Within lophotrocozoa (more broadly in bilateria)
  2. Often have shells
  3. Unsegmented
  4. Open circulatory system
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19
Q

Characterize annelids including which group they belong to

Hint: They have cilliated larvae

A

They belong to bilateria –>lophotrocozoa–> trocophores
1. segmented
2. closed circulatory system
3. complete digestive tract

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20
Q

Characterize the two main groups in Annelida

A
  1. Errantians
    -mobile with parapodia
  2. Sedentarians
    -lack parapodia
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21
Q

Characterize phylum nematoda

A
  1. No segmentation, eyes
  2. no circulatory sytstem
  3. complete digestive tract
  4. hemacoel
  5. direct development
  6. Undergo ecdysis (part of ecdysozoa)
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22
Q

What is the acronym for remember the major groups of bilaterians?

A

A Heavy Elephant Could Pick Red Edmonton Boys Making A Naughty Artpiece

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23
Q

Characterize chelicerates

A
  1. Arthropods
  2. have chelicerae (claws/fangs)
  3. simple eyespots
  4. 2 tagmata
  5. 4 pairs of legs
  6. uniramous limbs
  7. no antennae

Note: uniramous means single branch ie no wing

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24
Q

Characterize myriapoda

A
  1. Disgusting centipedes, and also millipedes
  2. one set of antennae
  3. simple eyespots
  4. ** direct development**
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25
Q

Characterize Crustacea

A
  1. Includes ispods, copepods and decapods
  2. biramous limbs
  3. 3 tagmata
  4. 2 pairs of antennae
  5. compound eyes
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26
Q

Characterize Hexapoda

A
  1. biramous limbs
  2. one pair of antennae
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27
Q

What are the groups within chordata?

A
  1. Basal chordates
    -cephalochoradata (lancelets)
    -tunicates/ urochordata
  2. Vertebrates
    a) Basal/ cyclostomia
    - Hagfish (myxini)
    - lamprey (petromyzontida)
    b) gnathostomes (jawed)
    -chondrichthyans (cartilaginous skeleton)
    b) gnathostomes osteichthyans
    -actinoptergii (ray-finned)
    b)gnathostomes + osteichthyans + lobe-finned
    -actinistia (coelocanths)
    -dipnoi (lungfish)
    c) gnathostomes + osteochythyans + lobe-finned + tetrapoda
    - amphibia
    - reptillia
    - mammalia (synapsids)
28
Q

Characteize Aceola (basal bilterians)

A
  1. lack a coelom
  2. incomplete digestive system
  3. cytoplasmic digestion
29
Q

Which groups have radial symmetry?

A

Porifera, cnidaria, ctenophora

30
Q

Characterize cnidaria

A
  1. Basal eumetazoans
  2. radial symmetry/ diploblastic
  3. 2 body plan variations
31
Q

What are the characteristics of echinoderms?

A
  1. No brain
  2. Separate sexes and external fertilization
  3. Radial symmetry, but bilateral as larvae
  4. Unique water vascular system
32
Q

What are the clades within echinodermata?

A
  1. Asteroidia (starfish): five sided
  2. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers, appear bilaterial
  3. Echinoidea (sea urchins)
  4. Crinoidea
  5. Ophiuroidea
33
Q

What are the shared derived traits of chordates?

A
  1. Notochord formed during embryogenesis (present in all embryos of chordates)
  2. Hollow dorsal nerve cord
  3. Pharygneal clefts (often used for filter feeding)
  4. Post anal tail
34
Q

What are the most basal chordates?

A
  1. Lancelets (cephalochordata)
  2. Tunicates
35
Q

Charaterize the basal chordates (lancelets and tunicates)

A
  1. Lancelets:
    - sedentary
    - fitler feed with pharyngeal slits
    2: Tunicates
    - larvae look like chordates
    - reproduce by budding
36
Q

What are the shared derived traits of vertebrates?

A
  1. Vertebral column
  2. Elaborate braincase
  3. Have evolved 2 or more sets of hox genes (inverebrates only have 1 set)
  4. Neural crest cells
  5. Dorsal, ventral and anal fins stiffened by fin rays
  6. modified circulatory system (inlcuding a heart with 2+ chambers)
37
Q

What are the shared derived traits of gnathostomia?

A
  1. Opposing jaws (evolved alongside ossified skeleton)
  2. Mineralization of skeleton and or teeth
  3. 2 pairs of lateral appendages (cyclostomes do not have paired lateral fins)
  4. genome duplication ie more hox genes
  5. enlarged forebrain
  6. lateral line system (aquatic)
38
Q

Describe the evolutionary relationship between jaw and ossification of the skeleton

A

Mineralization of mouthparts likely caused selection for stronger mouth closing elements –> selection for opposable jaw

39
Q

Describe the chondrichthyans

A
  1. Cartilaginous endoskeleton
  2. have cloaca
  3. lateral line system
  4. may be oviparous, oviviviparous (embryo nourished by egg internally), ormay be viviparous
  5. are internally fertilized
40
Q

True or False:
Amphibia and reptillia are ectothermic

A

True, both are ectothermic

41
Q

What traits, which were critical to the tetrapodal transition to land, evolved before tetrapods exited water?

A
  1. Vertebral column
  2. Mineralization of skeleton, 2 pairs of lateral appendages(gnathostomes)
  3. Simple lungs (osteichthyans)
  4. Bony, muscular pectoral/pelvic fins (lobe-finned fish)
  5. internal nostrils (nostrils in bony fish purely for olfactory)
42
Q

Describe tetrapod limbs

A
  1. Large bone e.g humerus attached to;
  2. Two smaller parallel bones
  3. terminal hand/foot with digits
43
Q

What were the major features of Tiktaalik

A
  • had scales
  • flat skull
  • ribs
  • lost **operculum ** but still had gills and lungs
  • eyes in top of head
  • separate neck
  • lobe fins w/o digits (just fin rays)
44
Q

What are the characteristics of amphibians?

A

-naked skin lacking scales and/or keratin
-water permeable skin
-may or may not use/have lungs
* ectothermic*
buccal pump to vent lungs
generally oviparous

  • not well suited for land (basal tetrapods)
45
Q

Why didn’t tetrapods move the land earlier?

A
  1. Ankle and knee joints could not support their weight
  2. ribs were too short
46
Q

Which animals are not ectothermic?

A

Birds and mammals are the only endothermic animals

47
Q

What are the shared derived traits of amniota

A
  1. amniotic egg
  2. Internal fertillization via intromittent organs
  3. Direct development into a terrestrial form ie. no aquatic larvae!!
48
Q

What are the characteristics of non avian reptiles?

A
  • have leathery eggs rather than calcareous
  • thick dessication proof skin with keratinous scales
    -intromittent organs (aves have cloaca)
49
Q

Charactertise turtles/tortoises

A
  • toothless beaks
  • anapsids
  • males have single penis
50
Q

What are the differences between lepidosaurs and archosaurs

A
  1. Lepidosaurs have teeth fused to jaw (archosaurs have unfused teeth)
  2. Lepidosaurs have hemipenises (not Tuataras), crocs have single, aves just have cloaca (no penises)
51
Q

What are the shared derived traits of osteichthyans?

A
  1. Lung/lung derivatives
  2. operculum
  3. maneuverable fins
52
Q

What are the shared derived traits of aves/birds?

A
  1. Wings with feathers
  2. hollow bones
  3. horny beaks lacking teeth
  4. digestive system for flight
  5. reduced organs
  6. endothermy
  7. high metabolic rate
53
Q

What are the shared derived traits of tetrapods?

A
  1. Four limbs
  2. mobile neck
  3. no gills
  4. pelvic girdle fused to backbone
54
Q

What are the shared derived traits of humans?

A
  1. Upright posture, bipedalism
  2. Smaller jawbones and facial muscles
    3.Larger brains* cf. similar sized organism*
  3. Shorter digestive tract
55
Q

What were the key skeletal adaptations for the evolution of bipedalism

A

Skull: Foramen magnem centered on vertebral column
S-shaped spinal column
Legs centered underneath pelvis
Longer Legs, strong knee joints
Narrower foot, bigger “big toe”

56
Q

What was the order of events in hominin evolution?

A
  1. Bipedalism
  2. Larger brains
  3. Modification of pelvis
  4. Teeth, facial and jaw reduction
  5. Increasing dependence of child on parent
  6. hairlessness
  7. increased meat in diet
  8. use of tools
57
Q

Who were the first humans to migrate out of Africa?

A

Homo erectus

58
Q

Who were the first humans to use tools?

A

Homo habilis

habilis means handyman i.e uses tools

59
Q

Modern humans, Homo sapiens likely evolved from which species?

A

Homo heidelbergensis

60
Q

Characterize the extinct lineage australopiths

A

Increased sexual dimorphism
smaller brain
larger jaws
evidence for some use of tools
* Were bipedal!

61
Q

characterize the major mammalian clades, monotremata, **eutherians ** and marsupia

A

montremata:
-oviparous
-have cloaca
-no placenta
Marsupials:
-viviparous
-both sexes retain cloaca
-simpler placenta
Eutheria:
-complex placenta
-also viviparous
-no cloaca

62
Q

What are the shared derived traits of mammalia

A
  1. Hair
  2. Mammary glands
  3. Teeth differentiation (Different types of teeth)
  4. Squamosal- Dentary Jaw Joint
  5. Large Brains cf similiar sized vertebrates
  6. Kidneys
  7. 3 middle ear bones (stapes, incus, etc)
  8. Endothermy (evolved independently of birds) rather than ectothermy
63
Q

What are the shared derived traits of primates?

A
  1. Hands and feet for grasping
  2. smaller jaw and larger brain
  3. Forward facing eyes (provide depth perception, imporant for arboreal life style)
  4. Exhibit complex social behaviors
64
Q

Which humans evolved bipedalism and intelligence?

A

Homo ergaster

65
Q

What are the parts of the amniotic egg?

A

Amnion/amniotic fluid: mechanical shock protection
Chorion: CO2 and O2 Gas exchange
Albumen: protein
Yolk Sac: Nutrients
Allantois: Waste disposal, gas exchange

Biology 108 (5 decks)

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